Walmart Employees And Discrimination Against Women Essay

SUMMARY Walmart periodically has made headlines because someone has accused the discount retailer of discrimination. For that reason Walmart have to settle the matter in a federal lawsuit that charged the company with racial discrimination. And more recent Walmart involved in allegations of discrimination against woman. The equal employment commission charged Walmart with turning down female applicants to fill orders in its distribution center in London, Kentucky, even though they were as least as well qualified as the male applicants who were hired. The basic for the conclusion was that there was a statistically significant pattern of hiring males and turning down females. In a case Walmart interviewed a woman and said can she lift a 150 pound potato bag over her head and the applicant said she can’t. After that interview the women find the same kind of job in a deferent warehouse .But in this case Walmart have to pay $11.7 million to settle the case. After the enforcement of law Walmart have to change their culture and have to bringing more diversity to its management ranks. Walmart appointed more women in the management rank after all those controversies. So far Walmart have one fourth of the women manager .And after a statistics of female customer of Walmart shown that 80% of the customers are female. Walmart’s previous culture was changed by the law and the diversity among the employee. The U.S culture showed us how they discriminate woman in work place. WeShow MoreRelatedSex Discrimination Law Suit Against Walmart861 Words   |  4 Pages Overview of the issue Can a class be made up of more than one million women under a single employer all over the United States? In 2001 female employees at Walmart filed a class action sex discrimination law suit against Walmart stores in the district court of Columbia. The case talks about discrimination going on in the workplace a group of woman who were discriminated by their gender. Betty Dukes and five other woman were being discriminated they were under paid and denied advancement opportunitiesRead MoreWomen Accuse Walmart Of Sex Discrimination863 Words   |  4 PagesWomen accuse Walmart of sex discrimination According to the BBC News, on 9 March 2011, it was reported that the world’s largest retailer, Walmart, was claimed to be the defendant in a case alleging that it discriminated against its women employees. This contexts rose in the USA when six women staff were concerned that they and other women staff were paid less and had few opportunities to gain promotion as a consequence of their gender, while Walmart claimed that they treated all employees equallyRead MoreThe Development Of Walmart.966 Words   |  4 Pages The Development of Walmart Tracy Johnson Nicholas Chabra Cooperate Responsibility and Society January 27, 2016 Introduction This paper concerning Walmart will give a brief history and development story of the retail outlet. The research will also feature the gender discrimination claims that have been made against the retail outlet store. The history and development of Walmart Walmart’s first store was opened up in Rogers, Arkansas in 1962 by Sam Walton. Walton had owned a retail storeRead MoreWalmart and Its Associates Efficient Operator or Neglectful Employer1479 Words   |  6 PagesSexual Discrimination 4 Dominance Policies 4 Unionisation 5 Wal-Mart: Past and new allegations 5 Conclusion 6 References 7 Introduction: Ethical Issues (Appendix A) Wal-Mart had been criticized for its worst CSR practices which includes low wages for the employees (Karen, 2004). 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Employees are protected from all kinds of discrimination, which include the discrimination of age, disability, race and sex, at all stages of employment including employment, dismissal and all stages in between. Sexual discrimination is that of people on the grounds of sex and can affect their employment, pay or opportunities within the business and mostly affects women. Sexual discriminationRead MoreGender Discrimination : Women Rights Essay861 Words   |  4 PagesGender Discrimination: Women Rights Since the 1840’s, women have stood for their rights and have successfully made a difference in the world. However, gender discrimination is still a major issue for women. Gender discrimination involves treating someone unfavorably because of that person’s sex. It can also involve treating someone less favorably because of his or her connection with an organization or group that is associated with a certain type of sex. 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The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission began combating employment-related discrimination in the early 1960s through laws such as Title VII, which made sex discrimination illegal for employers. Also the Equal Pay Act of 1963 madeRead MoreEssay on Where Are Womens Rights?1616 Words   |  7 PagesWhere are Women Rights? Did not God create everyone equal and gave them his or her rights? Did God ever say that people should treat every human differently based on his or her gender? Who does not know about gender discrimination? Gender Discrimination, which is also called sex discrimination, was gone in the twentieth century right! This is not true. Gender discrimination still exists today around the world in many countries including the United States. Women are being discriminated directly

American Influences on Syria - 551 Words

### just delete it ´s been merged ### Syrian Economy Syria’s economy has evolved, and molded itself into what it is now. But behind every great achievement there is a beginning. And that beginning was when Syria became independent in 1946. When Syria finally became independent, the country was able to do as it pleased. Since Syria had just become a country, it lacked resources for economic prosperity. But slowly, agriculture began controlling the country’s economy. However, by the 1960s, when the Baath party became the major political force in the country, Syria’s plan for its economy completely changed. But slowly by the mid-1960s everything went back to normal and the Baath party had the economy under control. By the 1970s, Syria achieved high rates of economic growth. The dramatic rise of the world oil prices led to increased production from domestic refineries. And high prices from agricultural and oil exports, and the fact that Syrians began to work in oil-rich Arab states encouraged growth. By the end of the decade, the Syrian economy had transitioned from agriculture based economy to being dominated by the service, industrial, and commercial sectors. Development of irrigation, electricity, water, road building projects, and the expansion of health services and education to rural areas contributed to prosperity. By the mid-1980s, Syria’s economic boom collapsed as a result of the rapid drop of world oil prices, lower export income, drought affecting agriculturalShow MoreRelatedAmerican Influences on Syria1279 Words   |  5 PagesSyria’s Government Syria and America both have very similar governments. There are only a few assets which makes syrian government Republic and us a Federal Republic. Syria’s government has three branches: legislative, executive and judicial ( Just like America!). 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The war has led to countries taking sides depending on the interests of their leaders and the country as a whole. In the process countries from Europe, America and Asia have entered into a union that they deem fit to promote their agendas (G. Friedman 2017). This union is what is now known as the axis 1 geopolitics. Even though the countries may have different individual

Revenue Allocation Formula in Nigeria Essay Example For Students

Revenue Allocation Formula in Nigeria Essay REVENUE ALLOCATION FORMULA IN NIGERIA INTRODUCTION Prior to the discovery of oil in Nigeria, other sectors of the economy thrived. Agriculture, for instance, was a major source of revenue for the Western Region. The Eastern Region that was less endowed devised other sources of revenue. All this has however changed since the discovery of oil in the country. This has led to the demise of the other productive sectors of the economy. In fact, Nigerians are poorer today than they were in the pre-oil boom days. This is mainly because of the methodology of sharing the oil revenue. The struggle for the control of the oil wealth has led to an unfortunate shift from a revenue-oriented principle to an expenditure-oriented principle of revenue allocation. According to a former Governor of one of the oil producing states: It is an act of self-deception for anyone to argue that there is nothing wrong with the revenue formula. We have had basically two systems of revenue allocation in Nigeria. We will write a custom essay on Revenue Allocation Formula in Nigeria specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The first system which we practiced during the First Republic allowed the North to keep the proceeds from its groundnut and cotton, the West to keep the proceeds from its cocoa, and the East to keep the proceeds from coal and oil produce. Then we changed the system so that the Federal Government got its hands on the proceeds from on-shore and off-shore crude petroleum proceeds, and yet we dont expect the minorities in the oil-producing areas to perceive that is an injustice done to them. The oil-producing minorities have a point that the rule of the revenue allocation game was changed to disfavor them (Professor Bolaji Akinyemi, COMET, June 6, 2001). It is against the backdrop of the preceding assertion, delivered by a Nigeria academic and a delegate to the National Political Reform Conference, that the complicated discussion regarding the revenue allocation formula at the National Political Reform Conference might be visualized. The South-South zone (in the imagined or putative division of Nigeria into six geo-political zones) insists at this confabulation that in order to address past anomalies in the allocation scheme that it should be given 25% instead of 13% (or 17%) as a first step toward boosting the percentage to 50%. The request made to the conference flowed from the environment devastation of the region and for development befitting the area that lays the golden egg. Having personally flown over the South-South zone and traveled by road in the egion, I can attest to the lamentable condition in the area. In spite of the empirical evidence to support the claims of the South-South at the confab, the north, as represented by some of its oligarchs argue against a change in the formula that would address the needs of the ethnic minorities whose territory houses the countrys bread winner-crude oil. The north argues for a 17% derivation for the oil-producing area. The attitude (and expression) of Umaru Dik ko, representing the interest of the north at this conference, is analogous to that which he was alleged to have affirmed in 1994. Indeed, he noted, proverbially, his concern regarding the inauguration of a National Conference set up by the late Abacha administration-a conference that was intended to work out the modalities for the formation of the Nigeria state. He said: No man becomes a hero by selling his fathers house to buy a land (West Africa, February 14-20, 1994, p. 251). What Dikko was implying, arguably, was that Abacha (a Northerner) was, by the nature and scope of the National Conference that he had set up, selling off the northern interests without being cognizant of what he would get in return for the north. Indeed, Dikko is determined at this meeting to represent the interest of the north come hell or high water. He and his northern colleagues should be aware also that the South-South zone should and must defend the areas interest. But the issue of revenue allocation formula is so serious that it really calls for a New Thinking-a Rational Thinking by the actors at this juncture of the conference. That Nigeria has a federal system of government (at least on paper) is a given. What this arrangement implies is that Nigerians could live and work in any part of the country. Therefore should the South-South region develop substantially, as a result of the 25-50% revenue allocation from oil, all Nigerians will benefit from it. By this I mean that Nigerians from any part of the federation could move to the region to work and to contribute to the growth of the area. After all, Nigerians from the south who were domiciled in the north and operated their businesses in the region have been part of the engine of development both in the pre- and post- civil war eras. In the same vein, too, northerners who might migrate to the South-South zone will also participate in the areas development. .uc73bc0a5a63f118bc65ca78b44bedd70 , .uc73bc0a5a63f118bc65ca78b44bedd70 .postImageUrl , .uc73bc0a5a63f118bc65ca78b44bedd70 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc73bc0a5a63f118bc65ca78b44bedd70 , .uc73bc0a5a63f118bc65ca78b44bedd70:hover , .uc73bc0a5a63f118bc65ca78b44bedd70:visited , .uc73bc0a5a63f118bc65ca78b44bedd70:active { border:0!important; } .uc73bc0a5a63f118bc65ca78b44bedd70 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc73bc0a5a63f118bc65ca78b44bedd70 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc73bc0a5a63f118bc65ca78b44bedd70:active , .uc73bc0a5a63f118bc65ca78b44bedd70:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc73bc0a5a63f118bc65ca78b44bedd70 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc73bc0a5a63f118bc65ca78b44bedd70 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc73bc0a5a63f118bc65ca78b44bedd70 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc73bc0a5a63f118bc65ca78b44bedd70 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc73bc0a5a63f118bc65ca78b44bedd70:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc73bc0a5a63f118bc65ca78b44bedd70 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc73bc0a5a63f118bc65ca78b44bedd70 .uc73bc0a5a63f118bc65ca78b44bedd70-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc73bc0a5a63f118bc65ca78b44bedd70:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: I felt like Teo EssayIn all, that bargaining and compromising are central tenets of a democratic dispensation should not be lost in the present political fury to promote individual, parochial and regional centrifugal interests at the expense of national cohesion. The revenue and resources generated in the country are shared among three tiers of government: Federal, state and local government according to their constitutional responsibilities. The internal autonomy of 1946 coupled with the sharing of constitutional responsibilities raised the problem of revenue allocation in Nigeria. In an effort to find an acceptable formulae for sharing of revenue in Nigeria, as many as mine commissions were set up between 1946 and 1988. The revenue allocations commissions appointed in Nigeria to recommended acceptable formulae so far included: THE PHILLIPSON COMMISSION (1946) This commission recommended derivation and even development as the main principles for revenue allocation. THE HICKS PHILLIPSON COMMISSION (1951) This commission recommended that revenue in Nigeria should be allocated based on the principles of derivation, need and national interest. THE CHICKS COMMISSION (1953) Derivation and fiscal autonomy were the principle chicks commission recommended for the sharing of revenue in Nigeria. THE RAISMAN COMMISSION (1958) This commission, which recommended for the creation of Distribution Pool Account (DPA) with fixed regional proportional shares, favored the principles of derivation, fiscal autonomy, population and even development for revenue sharing. It allocated 40% to the North, the East 3194 the West 24% and Southern Cameroon 5%. THE BINNS COMMISSION (1964) This commission adopted the Raisman principles but altered the shares of the regions in the following order: The North 42% East 30%, West 20% and Mid-West 5%. THE DINAS COMMISSION (1968) The report of this commission, which was rejected by the government recommended derivation, need and balanced development tax efforts. THE ABOYADE TECHNICAL COMMITTEE (1977) The report of this committee, which was rejected on the ground of being too technical, recommended the principles of equality of access to development opportunities (25%) national minimum standards for national integration (22%). bsorptive capacity (20%), independent revenue effort (18%) and fiscal efficiency (15%). The commission allocated 57% of the federal revenue to the federal government, 30% to state government, 10% to local government and 3% to special fund. THE OKIGBO COMMISSION (1980) This commission known as the presidential commission headed by economics guru Dr. Pius Okigbo recommended the principles of equality (40%) , population (40%), social development (15%) and internal revenue effort (5%). The commission allocated 53% of the federal revenue to the federal government, 30% to state, 10% to local government and 7% to special fund. PRINCIPLE CONSIDEREDED IN THE ALLOCATION OF REVENUE IN NIGERIA AND PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED. In the previous chapter, we emphasized several commissions set up to find acceptable formula for distribution of national resources. The commissions recommended certain principles for national recourses distribution or allocation. In spite of all these commissions set up in the past, Nigeria is yet to find out an acceptable revenue allocation formula for the country. In fact lack of generally acceptable revenue allocation formula is one of the insurmountable problems confronting Nigeria governments and) earning for urgent attention. Below are the principles considered in the allocation of revenue in Nigeria and problems associated. PRINCIPLE CONSIDERED IN THE ALLOCATION OF REVENUE IN NIGERIA POPULATION: This principles call for allocation of revenue according to population in such a manner that areas with high population should get high revenue. UNIFORM DEVELOPMENT: Even development of the country is the main concern of this principle and therefore calls for allocation of mineral resources to underdeveloped areas to enable them catch up with the more developed areas. NEEDS This principle implies that distributions of revenue should be based on the development needs of an area. NATIONAL INTEREST: This principle suggests that the interest of the nation should be the guiding principles in revenue allocation. EQUALITY OF UNITS: This principles advocate% equal allocation of revenue to all states irrespective of their sizes, population, needs, level of development etc. MINIMUM NATIONAL STANDARDS: This principle implies that revenue should be allocated to all component states so that they maintain stated functions such as education and health. MISCELLANEOUS: Other principles considered in allocation of national resources include: fiscal autonomy, fiscal efficiency, access to development opportunities, tax efforts, social development, internal revenue effort etc. PROBLEMS OF REVENUE ALLOCATION IN NIGERIA The principles considered in the national resources distribution have given birth to many problems as we are going to highlights below. CENSUS IRREGULARITIES Census, periodical counting of population of a nation usualIy per decade. Statistical data collected in census is used to access population of an area, level of development, number of infrastructure among other things. .uef6716a452dda807b81f34dc54efcb33 , .uef6716a452dda807b81f34dc54efcb33 .postImageUrl , .uef6716a452dda807b81f34dc54efcb33 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uef6716a452dda807b81f34dc54efcb33 , .uef6716a452dda807b81f34dc54efcb33:hover , .uef6716a452dda807b81f34dc54efcb33:visited , .uef6716a452dda807b81f34dc54efcb33:active { border:0!important; } .uef6716a452dda807b81f34dc54efcb33 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uef6716a452dda807b81f34dc54efcb33 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uef6716a452dda807b81f34dc54efcb33:active , .uef6716a452dda807b81f34dc54efcb33:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uef6716a452dda807b81f34dc54efcb33 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uef6716a452dda807b81f34dc54efcb33 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uef6716a452dda807b81f34dc54efcb33 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uef6716a452dda807b81f34dc54efcb33 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uef6716a452dda807b81f34dc54efcb33:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uef6716a452dda807b81f34dc54efcb33 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uef6716a452dda807b81f34dc54efcb33 .uef6716a452dda807b81f34dc54efcb33-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uef6716a452dda807b81f34dc54efcb33:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Trifles EssayIn a situation where principles for national resources distribution recommended allocating large portion of revenue to area with high population, problems arise. The problems of census irregularities occur for the fact that principles for national resources distribution recommended allocation to high-populated area. Since Nigeria got independence in year 1960, she had had about five national censuses conducted, but many of them gave accurate figure simply because of reason mentioned earlier. It is obvious that inaccuracy in population data would not cease as far as these formulae is in play NIGER- DELTA CRISIS Nigeria is blessed with natural resources of which mineral resources are one of them. Mineral resources such as crude oil are found in Niger-Delta region. Before agricultural products like palm produce is booming business in Nigeria, which increased its foreign exchange: thereafter, petroleum, refined products of crude oil take after palm produce. This has promoted Nigeria economy since then. There had been a protest against Nigeria government by people of Niger-Delta over allocation formulae adopted by federal government. They are also protesting for under development of their area in that resources are derived from their area. Niger-Delta crisis has been fueled by lack of generally acceptable formulae for national resources distribution. QUEST FOR STATE CREATION Considering the principles for revenue allocation its can be deducted that it is being shared into three federal, state and local government. For this every reason, quest for state creation has been on increase. State creation has never been done without some negative impart left as justice can never be given on a platter of time. State creation has constituted an insurmountable problem in Nigeria as it is under consideration in national resources distribution. CONCLUSION Derivation is the only revenue oriented principle of revenue allocation, unlike other principles (such as population and equality of state), which are expenditure oriented. As revenue oriented criterion, it serves as a major factor for the promotion of the most desired â€Å"national interest† of the country. It creates satisfaction for the producer of the revenue by compensating him for his efforts, sufferings, deprivations and ecological damages associated with the generation of the revenue such as in the oil industry. There is thus need to revert back to a revenue generation oriented principle of revenue allocation. Admittedly, derivation if applied today will severely disadvantage most of the non-oil producing states. Although this is true, this will only be in the short run. This is so since most of them will have no choice but to develop other sources of income. We must not forget that the country is well endowed with other productive assets and resources. As already mentioned, prior to the discovery of oil, agriculture was the main stay of the economy. The struggle for control of the oil revenue has been the main reason for the decimation of the agricultural sector of the Nigerian economy. A policy shift, which places more emphasis on derivation, will therefore force the non-oil states to refocus on the areas of their comparative advantage like agriculture. Admittedly, this will not be easy as the revenue and tax laws have since been over-centralized all in the bid to justify the prominent role of the Federal Government in the Nigerian polity. There is thus the need to give more powers for revenue creation and control back to the states. Such states will therefore be in a position to take into consideration their peculiar circumstances before determining their tax and revenue laws. REFERENCES Banerjee, A. J. Dola do, J. W. Galbraith, and D. F. Hendry (1993), Cointegration, Error-Correction, and the Econometric Analysis of Non-Stationary Data, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Berg, A. and C. Pattillo (1999), â€Å"Are Currency Crises Predictable? A Test†, IMF Staff Papers, 46: 107-138. Blanchard, O. –J. and S. Fischer (1989, Lectures on Macroeconomics, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Busari, T. D. and K. W. Olayiwola (1999), â€Å"Stabilization Policy in Nigeria under Alternative Exchange Rate Regimes: A Postulated Empirical macro-Model Approach†, Central Bank of Nigeria Economic and Financial Review, vol. 37 (1), March: 21-35. Caballero, R. J. and V. Corbo (1989), â€Å"The Effect of Real Exchange Rate Uncertainty on Exports: Empirical Evidence†, World Bank Economic Review, vol. 3: 263-278. Cagan, P. D. (1956), â€Å"The Money Dynamics of Hyperinflation†, in M. Friedman (ed. ), Studies in the Quantity Theory of Money, pp. 23-117, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Corrinne, H and R. N. McCauley (2003), Living with Flexible exchange Rates: Issues and Recent Experience in Inflation Targeting Emerging Markets Economies†, BIS Working Papers 30, February. Dornbusch, R. and S. Fischer (1993), â€Å"Moderate Inflation†, World Bank Economic Review, vol. 7: 1-44.

Revenue Allocation Formula in Nigeria Essay Example For Students

Revenue Allocation Formula in Nigeria Essay REVENUE ALLOCATION FORMULA IN NIGERIA INTRODUCTION Prior to the discovery of oil in Nigeria, other sectors of the economy thrived. Agriculture, for instance, was a major source of revenue for the Western Region. The Eastern Region that was less endowed devised other sources of revenue. All this has however changed since the discovery of oil in the country. This has led to the demise of the other productive sectors of the economy. In fact, Nigerians are poorer today than they were in the pre-oil boom days. This is mainly because of the methodology of sharing the oil revenue. The struggle for the control of the oil wealth has led to an unfortunate shift from a revenue-oriented principle to an expenditure-oriented principle of revenue allocation. According to a former Governor of one of the oil producing states: It is an act of self-deception for anyone to argue that there is nothing wrong with the revenue formula. We have had basically two systems of revenue allocation in Nigeria. We will write a custom essay on Revenue Allocation Formula in Nigeria specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The first system which we practiced during the First Republic allowed the North to keep the proceeds from its groundnut and cotton, the West to keep the proceeds from its cocoa, and the East to keep the proceeds from coal and oil produce. Then we changed the system so that the Federal Government got its hands on the proceeds from on-shore and off-shore crude petroleum proceeds, and yet we dont expect the minorities in the oil-producing areas to perceive that is an injustice done to them. The oil-producing minorities have a point that the rule of the revenue allocation game was changed to disfavor them (Professor Bolaji Akinyemi, COMET, June 6, 2001). It is against the backdrop of the preceding assertion, delivered by a Nigeria academic and a delegate to the National Political Reform Conference, that the complicated discussion regarding the revenue allocation formula at the National Political Reform Conference might be visualized. The South-South zone (in the imagined or putative division of Nigeria into six geo-political zones) insists at this confabulation that in order to address past anomalies in the allocation scheme that it should be given 25% instead of 13% (or 17%) as a first step toward boosting the percentage to 50%. The request made to the conference flowed from the environment devastation of the region and for development befitting the area that lays the golden egg. Having personally flown over the South-South zone and traveled by road in the egion, I can attest to the lamentable condition in the area. In spite of the empirical evidence to support the claims of the South-South at the confab, the north, as represented by some of its oligarchs argue against a change in the formula that would address the needs of the ethnic minorities whose territory houses the countrys bread winner-crude oil. The north argues for a 17% derivation for the oil-producing area. The attitude (and expression) of Umaru Dik ko, representing the interest of the north at this conference, is analogous to that which he was alleged to have affirmed in 1994. Indeed, he noted, proverbially, his concern regarding the inauguration of a National Conference set up by the late Abacha administration-a conference that was intended to work out the modalities for the formation of the Nigeria state. He said: No man becomes a hero by selling his fathers house to buy a land (West Africa, February 14-20, 1994, p. 251). What Dikko was implying, arguably, was that Abacha (a Northerner) was, by the nature and scope of the National Conference that he had set up, selling off the northern interests without being cognizant of what he would get in return for the north. Indeed, Dikko is determined at this meeting to represent the interest of the north come hell or high water. He and his northern colleagues should be aware also that the South-South zone should and must defend the areas interest. But the issue of revenue allocation formula is so serious that it really calls for a New Thinking-a Rational Thinking by the actors at this juncture of the conference. That Nigeria has a federal system of government (at least on paper) is a given. What this arrangement implies is that Nigerians could live and work in any part of the country. Therefore should the South-South region develop substantially, as a result of the 25-50% revenue allocation from oil, all Nigerians will benefit from it. By this I mean that Nigerians from any part of the federation could move to the region to work and to contribute to the growth of the area. After all, Nigerians from the south who were domiciled in the north and operated their businesses in the region have been part of the engine of development both in the pre- and post- civil war eras. In the same vein, too, northerners who might migrate to the South-South zone will also participate in the areas development. .uc73bc0a5a63f118bc65ca78b44bedd70 , .uc73bc0a5a63f118bc65ca78b44bedd70 .postImageUrl , .uc73bc0a5a63f118bc65ca78b44bedd70 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc73bc0a5a63f118bc65ca78b44bedd70 , .uc73bc0a5a63f118bc65ca78b44bedd70:hover , .uc73bc0a5a63f118bc65ca78b44bedd70:visited , .uc73bc0a5a63f118bc65ca78b44bedd70:active { border:0!important; } .uc73bc0a5a63f118bc65ca78b44bedd70 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc73bc0a5a63f118bc65ca78b44bedd70 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc73bc0a5a63f118bc65ca78b44bedd70:active , .uc73bc0a5a63f118bc65ca78b44bedd70:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc73bc0a5a63f118bc65ca78b44bedd70 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc73bc0a5a63f118bc65ca78b44bedd70 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc73bc0a5a63f118bc65ca78b44bedd70 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc73bc0a5a63f118bc65ca78b44bedd70 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc73bc0a5a63f118bc65ca78b44bedd70:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc73bc0a5a63f118bc65ca78b44bedd70 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc73bc0a5a63f118bc65ca78b44bedd70 .uc73bc0a5a63f118bc65ca78b44bedd70-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc73bc0a5a63f118bc65ca78b44bedd70:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: I felt like Teo EssayIn all, that bargaining and compromising are central tenets of a democratic dispensation should not be lost in the present political fury to promote individual, parochial and regional centrifugal interests at the expense of national cohesion. The revenue and resources generated in the country are shared among three tiers of government: Federal, state and local government according to their constitutional responsibilities. The internal autonomy of 1946 coupled with the sharing of constitutional responsibilities raised the problem of revenue allocation in Nigeria. In an effort to find an acceptable formulae for sharing of revenue in Nigeria, as many as mine commissions were set up between 1946 and 1988. The revenue allocations commissions appointed in Nigeria to recommended acceptable formulae so far included: THE PHILLIPSON COMMISSION (1946) This commission recommended derivation and even development as the main principles for revenue allocation. THE HICKS PHILLIPSON COMMISSION (1951) This commission recommended that revenue in Nigeria should be allocated based on the principles of derivation, need and national interest. THE CHICKS COMMISSION (1953) Derivation and fiscal autonomy were the principle chicks commission recommended for the sharing of revenue in Nigeria. THE RAISMAN COMMISSION (1958) This commission, which recommended for the creation of Distribution Pool Account (DPA) with fixed regional proportional shares, favored the principles of derivation, fiscal autonomy, population and even development for revenue sharing. It allocated 40% to the North, the East 3194 the West 24% and Southern Cameroon 5%. THE BINNS COMMISSION (1964) This commission adopted the Raisman principles but altered the shares of the regions in the following order: The North 42% East 30%, West 20% and Mid-West 5%. THE DINAS COMMISSION (1968) The report of this commission, which was rejected by the government recommended derivation, need and balanced development tax efforts. THE ABOYADE TECHNICAL COMMITTEE (1977) The report of this committee, which was rejected on the ground of being too technical, recommended the principles of equality of access to development opportunities (25%) national minimum standards for national integration (22%). bsorptive capacity (20%), independent revenue effort (18%) and fiscal efficiency (15%). The commission allocated 57% of the federal revenue to the federal government, 30% to state government, 10% to local government and 3% to special fund. THE OKIGBO COMMISSION (1980) This commission known as the presidential commission headed by economics guru Dr. Pius Okigbo recommended the principles of equality (40%) , population (40%), social development (15%) and internal revenue effort (5%). The commission allocated 53% of the federal revenue to the federal government, 30% to state, 10% to local government and 7% to special fund. PRINCIPLE CONSIDEREDED IN THE ALLOCATION OF REVENUE IN NIGERIA AND PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED. In the previous chapter, we emphasized several commissions set up to find acceptable formula for distribution of national resources. The commissions recommended certain principles for national recourses distribution or allocation. In spite of all these commissions set up in the past, Nigeria is yet to find out an acceptable revenue allocation formula for the country. In fact lack of generally acceptable revenue allocation formula is one of the insurmountable problems confronting Nigeria governments and) earning for urgent attention. Below are the principles considered in the allocation of revenue in Nigeria and problems associated. PRINCIPLE CONSIDERED IN THE ALLOCATION OF REVENUE IN NIGERIA POPULATION: This principles call for allocation of revenue according to population in such a manner that areas with high population should get high revenue. UNIFORM DEVELOPMENT: Even development of the country is the main concern of this principle and therefore calls for allocation of mineral resources to underdeveloped areas to enable them catch up with the more developed areas. NEEDS This principle implies that distributions of revenue should be based on the development needs of an area. NATIONAL INTEREST: This principle suggests that the interest of the nation should be the guiding principles in revenue allocation. EQUALITY OF UNITS: This principles advocate% equal allocation of revenue to all states irrespective of their sizes, population, needs, level of development etc. MINIMUM NATIONAL STANDARDS: This principle implies that revenue should be allocated to all component states so that they maintain stated functions such as education and health. MISCELLANEOUS: Other principles considered in allocation of national resources include: fiscal autonomy, fiscal efficiency, access to development opportunities, tax efforts, social development, internal revenue effort etc. PROBLEMS OF REVENUE ALLOCATION IN NIGERIA The principles considered in the national resources distribution have given birth to many problems as we are going to highlights below. CENSUS IRREGULARITIES Census, periodical counting of population of a nation usualIy per decade. Statistical data collected in census is used to access population of an area, level of development, number of infrastructure among other things. .uef6716a452dda807b81f34dc54efcb33 , .uef6716a452dda807b81f34dc54efcb33 .postImageUrl , .uef6716a452dda807b81f34dc54efcb33 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uef6716a452dda807b81f34dc54efcb33 , .uef6716a452dda807b81f34dc54efcb33:hover , .uef6716a452dda807b81f34dc54efcb33:visited , .uef6716a452dda807b81f34dc54efcb33:active { border:0!important; } .uef6716a452dda807b81f34dc54efcb33 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uef6716a452dda807b81f34dc54efcb33 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uef6716a452dda807b81f34dc54efcb33:active , .uef6716a452dda807b81f34dc54efcb33:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uef6716a452dda807b81f34dc54efcb33 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uef6716a452dda807b81f34dc54efcb33 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uef6716a452dda807b81f34dc54efcb33 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uef6716a452dda807b81f34dc54efcb33 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uef6716a452dda807b81f34dc54efcb33:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uef6716a452dda807b81f34dc54efcb33 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uef6716a452dda807b81f34dc54efcb33 .uef6716a452dda807b81f34dc54efcb33-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uef6716a452dda807b81f34dc54efcb33:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Trifles EssayIn a situation where principles for national resources distribution recommended allocating large portion of revenue to area with high population, problems arise. The problems of census irregularities occur for the fact that principles for national resources distribution recommended allocation to high-populated area. Since Nigeria got independence in year 1960, she had had about five national censuses conducted, but many of them gave accurate figure simply because of reason mentioned earlier. It is obvious that inaccuracy in population data would not cease as far as these formulae is in play NIGER- DELTA CRISIS Nigeria is blessed with natural resources of which mineral resources are one of them. Mineral resources such as crude oil are found in Niger-Delta region. Before agricultural products like palm produce is booming business in Nigeria, which increased its foreign exchange: thereafter, petroleum, refined products of crude oil take after palm produce. This has promoted Nigeria economy since then. There had been a protest against Nigeria government by people of Niger-Delta over allocation formulae adopted by federal government. They are also protesting for under development of their area in that resources are derived from their area. Niger-Delta crisis has been fueled by lack of generally acceptable formulae for national resources distribution. QUEST FOR STATE CREATION Considering the principles for revenue allocation its can be deducted that it is being shared into three federal, state and local government. For this every reason, quest for state creation has been on increase. State creation has never been done without some negative impart left as justice can never be given on a platter of time. State creation has constituted an insurmountable problem in Nigeria as it is under consideration in national resources distribution. CONCLUSION Derivation is the only revenue oriented principle of revenue allocation, unlike other principles (such as population and equality of state), which are expenditure oriented. As revenue oriented criterion, it serves as a major factor for the promotion of the most desired â€Å"national interest† of the country. It creates satisfaction for the producer of the revenue by compensating him for his efforts, sufferings, deprivations and ecological damages associated with the generation of the revenue such as in the oil industry. There is thus need to revert back to a revenue generation oriented principle of revenue allocation. Admittedly, derivation if applied today will severely disadvantage most of the non-oil producing states. Although this is true, this will only be in the short run. This is so since most of them will have no choice but to develop other sources of income. We must not forget that the country is well endowed with other productive assets and resources. As already mentioned, prior to the discovery of oil, agriculture was the main stay of the economy. The struggle for control of the oil revenue has been the main reason for the decimation of the agricultural sector of the Nigerian economy. A policy shift, which places more emphasis on derivation, will therefore force the non-oil states to refocus on the areas of their comparative advantage like agriculture. Admittedly, this will not be easy as the revenue and tax laws have since been over-centralized all in the bid to justify the prominent role of the Federal Government in the Nigerian polity. There is thus the need to give more powers for revenue creation and control back to the states. Such states will therefore be in a position to take into consideration their peculiar circumstances before determining their tax and revenue laws. REFERENCES Banerjee, A. J. Dola do, J. W. Galbraith, and D. F. Hendry (1993), Cointegration, Error-Correction, and the Econometric Analysis of Non-Stationary Data, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Berg, A. and C. Pattillo (1999), â€Å"Are Currency Crises Predictable? A Test†, IMF Staff Papers, 46: 107-138. Blanchard, O. –J. and S. Fischer (1989, Lectures on Macroeconomics, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Busari, T. D. and K. W. Olayiwola (1999), â€Å"Stabilization Policy in Nigeria under Alternative Exchange Rate Regimes: A Postulated Empirical macro-Model Approach†, Central Bank of Nigeria Economic and Financial Review, vol. 37 (1), March: 21-35. Caballero, R. J. and V. Corbo (1989), â€Å"The Effect of Real Exchange Rate Uncertainty on Exports: Empirical Evidence†, World Bank Economic Review, vol. 3: 263-278. Cagan, P. D. (1956), â€Å"The Money Dynamics of Hyperinflation†, in M. Friedman (ed. ), Studies in the Quantity Theory of Money, pp. 23-117, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Corrinne, H and R. N. McCauley (2003), Living with Flexible exchange Rates: Issues and Recent Experience in Inflation Targeting Emerging Markets Economies†, BIS Working Papers 30, February. Dornbusch, R. and S. Fischer (1993), â€Å"Moderate Inflation†, World Bank Economic Review, vol. 7: 1-44.

Understanding the Role of Power in Decision Making free essay sample

These definitions emphasize the presents of individual bases of power or the need for power. Power is left out of management and organization literature because it is incompatible with discussions on ideology and values.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pfeffer then discusses the functions served by management writing. Management writing focuses on rationality, and efficiency. Discussions on power and politics do not fit well with discussions on rationality and efficiency. Politics and power will actually work against discussions on rationality and efficiency and so therefore it is left out of literature. Next, Pfeffer discusses four decision making models. He first discuses Rational and Bureaucratic models which are both popular in literature and then discusses Decision Process and Political Power Models. Rational Choice Models   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This model is not only one of the most popular models but is often cited as the actual process used by decision makers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The model follows a four step process which reflects the axiom that â€Å"behavior reflects purpose or intention. We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding the Role of Power in Decision Making or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In other words behavior in an organization is not accidental and random but is instead reflective of pre-existing guides.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Here is the four step process: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Goals and Objectives: The model presumes that an organization has goals and objectives unique to the organization. These goals must be consistent with one another †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Rational Choice: The model than requires that there be a set of alternative choices from which to choice. This list usually limited and will end when the correct choice is found. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Assessment of the Outcomes: An assessment of the outcomes is required for each choice.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Final decision is made. Bureaucratic Model of Decision Making   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This model substitutes procedural rationality (rational choice model) for substantive rationality; rather than having choices made to maximize values, choices are made according to rules and processes which have been adaptive and effective in the past.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Uncertainty tends to be avoided in that, rather than making comprehensive assessments of risk and probabilities, decisions are made with relatively short time horizons. Decision Process Models   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although they are very similar to the bureaucratic model of organizations, decisions in this model differ in that they presume less rationality and more randomness in organizational functioning.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In this model, it is presumed that policy is the outcome of a choice made by one or several decision makers. Which choice is made is determined by the situation in which the decision maker finds himself. This situation, in turn, largely caused by the processes preceding the choice. It is impossible, then, to predict policies without knowing the details of the preceding processes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Power does not add much to the prediction of behavior within an organization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Garbage Can Model is a sub-model of the decision process model. In this model decisions are the result of   independent streams within an organization. Political Models of Organizations   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The model states that organizations are pluralistic and divided into various interest groups and units. These units usually conflict and therefore conflict is seen as normal or at least customary.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Action within organizations is the result of bargaining and compromising, and therefore the decision seldom reflects the preferences of any one group. However the more powerful groups will receive the greatest rewards and their desires will be met best.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This is a very democratic mode, which takes a close look at how individuals and groups relate to one another. However it does not have as much scientific creditability as other models do.

Explore Shakespeares presentation of Claudius Essay Example

Explore Shakespeares presentation of Claudius Essay Example Explore Shakespeares presentation of Claudius Paper Explore Shakespeares presentation of Claudius Paper Claudius is not presented as a typical villain. As always, Shakespeares characters are complex with many facets to their personality. Claudius is not a conventional villain as he has redeeming qualities, which make it impossible to categorise him as merely a damned, smiling villain. However, he certainly has been condemned to hell according to a Jacobean audience as he has potentially broken three of the Ten Commandments: thou shalt not covet, thou shalt not kill and thou shalt not commit adultery. By breaking the divine law, he is definitely damned and corrupt from the start, as he has killed his own brother for his crown and wife. It is shocking he committed such deeds, as the threat of hell and eternal damnation was more sharply felt in the Jacobean era, than it is today. This shows extreme greed, lust for power, and no concern for others, which are typical qualities of villains. However, what sets him apart from archetypal villains is that he has a conscience. Most villains are lacking in this and this makes Claudius a man of contradictions. In my essay I will investigate the complexities of Claudiuss character and look at how Shakespeare has presented him to prove he is more than a damned, smiling villain. Shakespeare presents the image of Claudius being a damned, smiling villain through Hamlet. As Hamlet may be mad, we cannot be sure whether his judgement can be trusted. A madmans view may not be credible, and Shakespeare always leaves an element of doubt over all his characters. We do not know if Hamlet really is mad, and therefore his view of Claudius is biased and unreliable. This essay will consider how Claudius is presented by Shakespeare and analyse his actions to form an opinion of whether or not he is a damned, smiling villain. Claudius is not morally upright, as is immediately evident from Act I: Scene II our sometime sister, now our queen. A Jacobean audience would consider marrying your brothers wife as incest. He shows lack of consideration and apparent indifference to his brothers death by marrying her with Oh most wicked speed, to post with such dexterity to incestuous sheets. By using the word Oh, Hamlet is appealing to the divine and imploring to the audience. This reminds us of the religious implications of Claudiuss actions and proves that he is indeed damned. Claudius proves to have quite a selfish and predatory nature, wisest sorrow think on him, together with remembrance of ourselves. At a time like this, he encourages his nation to think of themselves. Another example of his selfishness is at the end of the play in Act VI: Scene II. He doesnt do very much to prevent Gertrude from drinking the poisoned glass of wine, as he cannot admit his crime to save her life. This is extremely inconsiderate and selfish. He is supposedly in love with her, but he loves himself more. He shares qualities with the Devil, as the Devil is considered to make alliances with weak people with the promise of enjoyment and pleasure. However, in the end, the devil is only interested in hurting God through you, and brings about your downfall, according to a Jacobean audience. Claudius is similar to the devil, as he uses Gertrude to satisfy his lust, and gain the crown. If he loved her, he would sacrifice all his gained power and reputation to save her life. Claudius is an extremely ambiguous character, and he is full of contradictions. This is evident immediately in the play, as he is caught between two emotions, mirth in funeral and with dirge in marriage. There is an ambivalent feeling with Claudius as you cannot tell if he is happy or sad. However, these paradoxes do not cast him as a villain, as it is possible to be happy and sad simultaneously. He contradicts himself a lot, and this keeps us guessing whether he is a villain or not, defeated joy. This could show he is the type who is insensitive to other peoples sadness, and only considers himself and his own happiness. However, as it is possible to be happy and sad at the same time, it does not necessarily make him a villain for feeling like that. He has a predatory nature as he moved in to become king as soon as his brother died, whilst Hamlet was abroad and unable to defend his position. However, the court wanted him to become king and this proves he has redeeming qualities, your better wisdoms, which have freely gone with this affair along. He did not have to seize power, he was asked by the people to become king, so he cannot be blamed for giving the people inadequate time to mourn the previous king as they wished for Claudius to rule them. This shows that he must have some qualities that make a good king, such as experience, leadership qualities, and his expertise must have shone out to the people. The King is patriotic, lets drink to Denmark. As he is the state, he must be patriotic. There is a symbiosis between the King and Denmark: they are one, our dear brothers death. With the use of the word our, it shows how he regards himself as the state. He asserts himself as King and this makes him popular. He is a seasoned warrior and very experienced. He makes a good king practically, but not morally, to gather so much as from occasion you may glean, whether aught to us unknown afflicts him thus. He is very fraudulent as he employs spies on his son. He is a wise, shrewd politician as he averts war with Norway. He is level headed as he doesnt rush into battle straight away to prove his leadership qualities. This could, however, be interpreted as cowardice which is a villains trait. He is an extremely good orator and a talented diplomat which enables him to deal with public relations effectively, giving to you no further personal power to business with the king, more than the scope of these dilated articles allow. He deals with the threat of war extremely effectively as he does his injudicious marriage to Gertrude. However, his talents are lost on Hamlet, who is set against him, no more like my father than I to Hercules. Another trait which makes us suspect he is a villain is that he has trouble trusting people, as he judges them by his own standards. Polonius is his only confidante. He is crafty, sly and devious as he uses Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to spy on Hamlet. He gets other people to do his dirty work for him. He also uses Laertes to eliminate Hamlet without involving himself and getting blood on his hands. He is very manipulative and clever in a cunning way. He is very cool, calm and collected, which makes his reaction to the play all the more dramatic, as it is unlike him. The performance traps Claudius into admitting his guilty conscience, Give me some light. Away! he abruptly leaves the play calling for light, and a fiction discovers the truth of the ghosts story. He is a man of many contradictions, as running from the play and betraying his emotions so easily is uncharacteristic of him. His craftiness is contradicted by his honesty during the prayer scene in Act III: Scene III. He is honest enough to admit he has committed a crime and struggle with his conscience, my stronger guilt defeats my strong intent. He is a man of conflict; God and the Devil are struggling with his soul. Unlike customary villains, he feels remorseful and he has a conscience, my offence is rank, it smells to heaven. The irony involved in the prayer scene is that Claudius realises he is guilty of vast amounts of sin, but he cannot repent. The villain in him prevails and he is not prepared to give up the life he acquired by committing his crimes, my crown, my own ambition, and my queen. May one be pardoned and retain thoffence? This shows he wants life the easy way, he is not prepared to make sacrifices, which is selfish and narrow minded, qualities possessed by a villain. Only his fear drove him to pray, as Hamlets play made him realise the adversity of his crime. He had chosen to ignore the consequences of murder beforehand, but now he can no longer ignore it. Claudius is an extremely contradictory character. It is almost as if he is schizophrenic. First, and foremost, he was asked by the people to become king, and yet he is corrupt. He feels no qualms about employing spies, committing incest and murder. However, he has qualities which make him a popular choice as king. He can deal with a crisis effectively as he remains calm and level headed. He has the appearance of action, as he is a soldier, but he physically does little. He does not stab King Hamlet, like a man of action, but did pour the leperous distilment this also shows cleverness. However, cleverness is not necessarily a good thing. It can be used in a sly and cunning way, to help you manipulate people, they find us touched, we will our kingdom give, our crown, our life but if not, b you content to lend your patience to us, and we shall jointly labour with your soul to give it due content. He faced down Laertes when he tried to attack him for Poloniuss murder. As well as talking him out of stabbing him, he managed to use him and turn the situation around to his own advantage. This is true cunning and adeptness. He manipulates Laertes and yet he is a talented diplomat. I feel that Claudius has virtuous and redeeming qualities as well as traits possessed by damned, smiling villains. I believe Claudius is more than that, as he has proved he is an able and capable ruler. However, he is unable to repent and that is his downfall. He is a talented diplomat, which he uses to his advantage to manipulate people. This is ironic as he was asked to be king due to his redeeming qualities, yet he uses he good qualities in unscrupulous ways. There are other facets to Claudiuss character as he is very complex. He makes a good King practically, not morally as he was extremely efficient when the Fortinbras crisis arose, and talking down Laertes from his rage. This supports the view that Claudius is a potentially good King. It is too simplistic to view him as a damned, smiling villain. We feel almost sympathetic towards him whilst he is repenting, as he is genuinely remorseful. However, he is too greedy to sacrifice anything, which will bring about his downfall. He is set apart from other villains as he has a conscience. He is not cold blooded and calculating which is usually the case. He betrays emotions and shows hes human. Some would agree that although he has redeeming qualities, he is essentially a bad person and cannot be trusted, although he is capable of ruling a country. I believe that there is more bad than good in him and the villain prevails in his split personality.

Charlemagne the King of the Franks and Lombards

Charlemagne the King of the Franks and Lombards Charlemagne was also known as: Charles I, Charles the Great (in French, Charlemagne; in German, Karl der Grosse; in Latin, Carolus Magnus) Charlemagnes titles included: King of the Franks, King of the Lombards; also generally considered the first Holy Roman Emperor Charlemagne was noted for: Consolidating a large portion of Europe under his rule, promoting learning, and instituting innovative administrative concepts. Occupations: Military LeaderKing Emperor Places of Residence and Influence: EuropeFrance Important Dates: Born: April 2, c. 742Crowned Emperor: Dec. 25, 800Died: Jan. 28, 814 Quote Attributed to Charlemagne: To have another language is to possess a second soul. About Charlemagne: Charlemagne was the grandson of Charles Martel and the son of Pippin III. When Pippin died, the kingdom was divided between Charlemagne and his brother Carloman. King Charlemagne proved himself a capable leader from early on, but his brother was less so, and there was some friction between them until Carlomans death in 771. Once King, Charlemagne had sole rule of the government of Francia, he expanded his territory through conquest. He conquered the Lombards in northern Italy, acquired Bavaria, and campaigned in Spain and Hungary. Charlemagne used harsh measures in subduing the Saxons and virtually exterminating the Avars. Though he had essentially amassed an empire, he did not style himself emperor, but called himself the King of the Franks and Lombards. King Charlemagne was an able administrator, and he delegated authority over his conquered provinces to Frankish nobles. At the same time, he recognized the diverse ethnic groups he had brought together under his dominion, and allowed each to retain its own local laws. To ensure justice, Charlemagne had these laws set down in writing and strictly enforced. He also issued capitularies that applied to all citizens. Charlemagne kept an eye on events in his empire through the use of missi dominici, representatives who acted with his authority. Though never able to master reading and writing himself, Charlemagne was an enthusiastic patron of learning. He attracted noted scholars to his court, including Alcuin, who became his private tutor, and Einhard, who would be his biographer. Charlemagne reformed the palace school and set up monastic schools throughout the empire. The monasteries he sponsored preserved and copied ancient books. The flowering of learning under Charlemagnes patronage has come to be known as the Carolingian Renaissance. In 800, Charlemagne came to the aid of Pope Leo III, who had been attacked in the streets of Rome. He went to Rome to restore order and, after Leo purged himself of the charges against him, he was unexpectedly crowned emperor. Charlemagne wasnt pleased with this development, because it established the precedent of papal ascendancy over secular leadership, but though he still often referred to himself as a king he now also styled himself Emperor, as well. There is some disagreement as to whether or not Charlemagne was really the first Holy Roman Emperor. Although he did not use any title that directly translates as such, he did use the title imperator Romanum (emperor of Rome) and in some correspondence styled himself deo coronatus (Crowned by God), as per his coronation by the pope. This appears to be enough for most scholars to allow Charlemagnes hold on the title to stand, especially since Otto I, whose reign is generally considered to be the true beginning of the Holy Roman Empire, never used the title either. The territory Charlemagne governed is not considered the Holy Roman Empire but is instead named the Carolingian Empire after him. It would later form the basis of the territory scholars would call the Holy Roman Empire, although that term (in Latin, sacrum Romanum imperium) was also seldom in use during the Middle Ages, and never used at all until the mid-thirteenth century. All pedantry aside, Charlemagnes achievements stand among the most significant of the early Middle Ages, and although the empire he built would not long outlast his son Louis I, his consolidation of lands marked a watershed in the development of Europe. Charlemagne died in January, 814.

Evaluating human resource management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Evaluating human resource management - Essay Example A large number of firms and organizations are offering flexible working arrangements for their employees, as a strategy to retain them by satisfying them to an extent. These arrangements help the employee in maintaining balance life between career and family, this way it motivates the employees to give productive results by working in an efficient manner. Although the advantages derived from flexible working arrangement are considerable, still due to a large number of reasons it is not carried out in an efficient manner in the firms. In this paper, we address the benefits derived by firms by opting flexible working arrangements, the issues faced by them and the various methods by which the obstacles can be overcome. The data was derived upon after referring to surveys which were done in the past and also based on the results of the questionnaire which was filled in by the professional employees.The term ‘human resourcing’ is used to describe a set of principles through which the strategic possibilities of an organization’s workforce and employment structure is evaluated. The methodologies of human resourcing derive from two concerns ( Zeytinoglu,1999) :1. The auditing of current human resources in relation to possible future product/ service and labor market scenarios.2. The promotion and maintenance of optimal human resource performance through the management of work patterns and organization structures.... This approach rested on three sequential steps (Catalyst,1997): 1. An estimation of the organization's future manpower needs in terms of numbers andskill composition. 2. An analysis of labor flows into, within and out of the organization, and the ability ofrelevant labor markets to supply existing or future demands. 3. The identification of gaps between supply and demand and the development ofpolicies to 'close' these. LITERATURE REVIEW The need to consider strategic planning for human resources has been recognized in the HR literature over the last couple of decades and more recently by chief executives and senior HR specialists. Various external factors - such as move towards globalization, changing economic trends, changes in the demographic-make up of the labor force and the shortage of key skills, knowledge and experience - have contributed to the urgency with which the subject is now debated. Also there is a realization between organizations of the changing and more 'flexible' nature of the workforce and their need to combine diverse careers with their personal lives. In essence manpower planning has been associated with a more tactical approach of getting the right people, with the right skills, in the right place, at the right time. The definition of 'right' is not made in the literature, but should be taken to mean 'what is right for a particular organization'. Part of the difficulty with this rationale is its static nature, where people are seen as a cost to the organization (Walsh, 1999) instead of an investment. The focus of manpower planning is on management and control. It usually includes various

Abuse of adult learning disability in residential homes Essay

Abuse of adult learning disability in residential homes - Essay Example The term Learning disability is used to address those people who function at an intellectual level which is considerably lower that that of the average people in the community (Thomas and Woods, 2003, p. 11). Learning disabilities is the general phrase that is used to refer to a varied group of disorders marked by considerable difficulties in the acquirement and use of listening, verbal communication, reading, writing, interpretation, or mathematical abilities. These disorders are inherent to the individual, supposed to be owing to central nervous system dysfunction, and may crop up across the life span. Difficulties in self-regulatory actions, social awareness, and social relations may take place along with learning disabilities, however, these by themselves do not form a learning disability. While learning disabilities may transpire in tandem with other handicapping disorders such as sensory damage, mental retardation, social and emotive disorders or with environmental influences ( like cultural differences, inadequate or inappropriate instruction, psychogenic issues), it is however not the consequence of those conditions or effects. Simply stated, learning disability is a broader expression that encompasses a wide and varied group of syndromes relating to information processing, together with disorders in one or more of the necessary processes involved in comprehending or making use of spoken or written language (Corley and Taymans, 2002, p. 45-46). Adults with learning disabilities are liable to experience problems that considerably affect their academic accomplishments and their lives. Learning disability is often synonymously used with Intellectual Disability (Thomas and Woods, 2003, p. 18). Adults having learning difficulties need a variety of skills and capabilities to deal with their disabilities in edification, training and employment situations. Appropriate assessment is considered as the first step for applying any other strategies and

The Argument For Stricter Gun Control Laws Essay Example for Free

The Argument For Stricter Gun Control Laws Essay I am writing a persuasive argument in favor of stricter gun control laws. I am very passionate about this topic because the use of firearms in the wrong hands is a deadly prophecy. It can be in the form of children getting a hold of a gun and hurting themselves or others, an adult with violent propensities mishandling a weapon, or someone who wants the use of a firearm in aiding suicide. When one looks at the increased incident of injury to children, homicide, and suicide, it is clear there is a need for stricter gun control laws. This paper argues that firearms continue to play a dominant role in violence both criminal and accidental regardless of laws such as the five-day waiting period and the Brady Law. I will show how easier access to guns, rather than preventing crime, creates more of it through the use of examples and statistics Those whom are opposed to gun control laws do not like to admit there is a link between access to guns and violence. The NRA says guns dont kill people, people kill people. They will claim that the right to bear arms for se lf-defense and civil rights would be diminished. However, this view is only one sided and it fails to address the link between the ownership of guns and the violence that occurs because of it. Almost everyday we can open up a newspaper or turn on a national news broadcast on the television and discover a new case of someone being killed by the use of a gun. Perhaps it was a child whom had access to his/her parents gun they keep in the house for self defensive purposes, an adult whom was an innocent bystander during a workplace massacre or robbery, a shooting at a school by a disturbed kid, or a domestic dispute turned deadly. Unfortunately, it is rare that a day goes by that we do not hear about one of the above events. Whatever the case may be, it is apparent that too many people have access to firearms and that access must be restricted. The Brady Campaign is one that enforces gun control laws, elects pro gun control public officials, and informs the public about gun violence. It was enacted in 1994 and because of it, all 50 states must do background checks on anyone wishing to purchase a firearm. While this has helped quell some gun violence that may have occurred otherwise, there are still too many who are falling through the cracks. These background checks are targeting the wrong people and criminals are still able to obtain guns from illegal sources. Take a look at the Virginia Tech massacre last spring. This reopened the legislative debate over gun control that was never resolved from the Columbine high school shootings eight years earlier. Many wonder how Cho-Seung Hui was able to get his hands on powerful automatic weaponry that killed thirty two of his classmates. This proves that the background checks performed are insufficient and need to be more thorough. More than fifty survivors and family members of this tragedy signed a letter to Congress with one simple message- finish work on legislation that could prevent future tragedies. The notion of more complete background checks leads me to another issue that is the abolition of handguns. More handguns are used in criminal acts than any other type of firearm. The FBI reports that more than 60 percent of murders are caused by guns and handguns account for 70 percent of these. Lets look at some scenarios that stem from the lack of access to handguns: Sure, anyone with a penchant for killing could pull out a knife or a baseball bat but the victim has much better chance of survival. The likelihood of injury and not death are much greater as the victim may be able to get away. The next scenario are home burglaries. Most of these occur with the occupants are out of the house so the need for a gun inside the home is unnecessary. If there is a gun inside of the home, the perpetrator will confisca te it along with other valuables, thus placing it in the hands of criminal for future misuse. Approximately 40 percent of handguns used in crimes are stolen out of homes of law abiding citizens whom had guns for their own protection. If handgun manufacturers were stringently restricted and only allowed to sell to police, our environment would be much safer. Fewer criminals would have access to them if the sale of handguns to ordinary citizens were outlawed. They could not obtain them by way of stealing and their illegal underground network would be hampered. If this were to occur, those dangerous people would not have the opportunity to slip through the cracks and get a hold of a weapon. The end result would be fewer violent crimes and fewer injuries and/or deaths related to these crimes. Many states in the United States have right to carry laws that allow citizens to carry concealed handguns if they are qualified. Qualification includes a clean criminal history, age restrictions, and completing a firearms safety course. In 1986 only nine states had that law and as of 1998, 31 states have right-to-carry laws. Half of the citizens of the U.S. live in those states. This will engender only more violence as journalis t Philip Cook states if you introduce a gun into a violent encounter, it increases the chances that someone will die. In the end, the notion of violence in self-defense will only create more violence. It is for that reason that not only should handguns themselves be eradicated from the hands of the general public, but they should never be allowed to carry out in public. It is a fact that the Constitution guarantees us the right to bear arms. The Second Amendment in the Bill of Rights states: A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. Our founding fathers who authored the Constitution were certainly aware of the British efforts to disarm the colonists and believed a militia was necessary to defend democracy. However, in the present day, owners of handguns are not members of a militia attempting to fight a tyrannical power or oppression. Any type of gun that can be concealed should be abolished from the hands of ordinary citizens and only placed in the hands of the men and women of our police force whom are trained professionals. This will de-emphasize the use of another slogan If guns are outlawed, only outlaws will have guns. It simply will not be the case as long as only those who are legitimate protectors of society are the only people who have access to them. WORKS CITED Agresti, James D. Gun Control. Just Facts Foundation. 10 June 1999. 20 October 2007. www.justfacts.com. Desuka, Nan. Why Handguns Must Be Outlawed.. Current Issues and Enduring Questions. Boston: Bedford, 1993. Cassidy, J. Warren. The Case For Firearms. Current Issues and Enduring Questions. Boston: Bedford, 1993. Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence. Families of Virginia Tech Victims and Survivors Call on U.S. Senate to Strengthen Brady Background Checks. 21 October 2007. www.handguncontrol.org

A Study Of Wordsworths Poetry Essays -- essays research papers

A Study of Wordsworth's Poetry   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wordsworth poetry derives its strength from the passion with which he views nature. Wordsworth has grown tired of the world mankind has created, and turns to nature for contentment. In his poems, Wordsworth associates freedom of emotions with natural things. Each aspect of nature holds a different meaning for Wordsworth. 'The beauty of morning; silent, bare' (5:WB*)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A main source of interest for Wordsworth is the absence of an unnatural presence, such as a city. In his sonnet, 'Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802', Wordsworth views London at the break of dawn, admiring the serenity and artistic impact of the scenery. 'A sight so touching in its majesty;' (4:WB) He finds it an almost spiritual experience by simply observing the stillness of morning. 'Dear God! the very houses seem asleep;' (13:WB)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Just as Wordsworth finds fulfillment in nature, he also finds disgust in the world's neglect of nature. His sonnet, 'The World Is Too Much with Us' deals primarily with his dissatisfaction with the world.Wordsworth criticizes mankind for misdirecting its abilities. 'Getting and spending, we lay waste our powers' (2:TW) Wordsworth also hopes that the world would find more of itself in nature, similar to his desire for his sister in his poem, 'Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey', to gain an interest in nature. 'For this, for everythin...

Changing Lives Essay

I have always viewed life differently. There were times when people would act differently towards me, for I acted maturely for my age. Oftentimes, I was vocal about how I wanted to finish my education so that I would be able to fulfill my dreams further. For everyone’s benefit, I would like to pursue a degree in Biology. At a young age, my mother exposed me to the real world. She was a nurse in one of the hospitals, and most of the time she would cater to the needs of patients. Like any curious child, I would ask her questions about her profession, making me more inclined into the field of medicine as I grew older. I could definitely say that my mother was my driving force in my dream of becoming a physician someday. My mother would consistently teach me about medicine and the first aid that I need, in the event that I need help. In school, I always showed my determination and perseverance to succeed in life. I would always give my best, even in the smallest requirement deemed from students. As much as possible, I wanted things to go as planned. Hard work and dedication were not the only factors that I took in mind. I was guided by my prayers and my will to be of service to others. In this manner, I wanted to make sure that everything was in proper order and that I am not stepping nor hurting anyone in the process. I remember the many times that my mother brought me to work with her. Even at a young age, she helped satisfy my curiosity by allowing me to assist in her work. In high school, my mother finally allowed me to volunteer in their hospital, especially in catering to the needs of patients. This kind of exposure made me more determined than ever to be of service to those in need as a physician. My life was never a perfect one. Although my mind was set into becoming a successful physician, there were certain things in life that led to this decision. My mother was of Mexican-American lineage; and Mexico was where she finished her education. In her attempt to bring herself to grater heights, she moved to the United States. The hardships that she endured when she was still starting were difficult to bear. However, she disregarded all of these and went on to fulfill her dream. Now, she is a nurse and earning a stable job in the United States. Like my mother, I was inspired to work hard and bridge gaps by making it big in the United States. The kind of education that the University of California would give me would come to my advantage in my attempt to attend medical school. I learned that the institution has produced numerous talents that have been successful in their chosen field, and making a difference in the lives of others. Like them, I would want to serve as an inspiration and be able to break barriers in the field of medicine. I would use the training and the knowledge that your school would give me to make further researches that could be used in the advancements and upheaval of society. I also want to inspire others from the medical field to render service from their heart, and not just because of the paycheck that may be receive. I know that the experiences that I had in life were not enough for me to be accepted in your university. Like the other students who have bore witness to the exemplary performance of this institution, I would do my best to live up to the Mission-Vision, which is summed up in making it big and helping others. As one of the students, all I can offer is my dedication and will to make a difference in society. I am one step forward in reaching my goals in life – and it starts with my acceptance at the University of California.

The Difference Between Globalization and Regionalism

Ironically, as society drifts towards globalization, regionalism also seems to take place in almost every corner of the globe. In fact, most countries in the world, on all continents, are members of regional trade agreements through either customs unions, free trade areas, or other preferential arrangements. Over 200 regional trade agreements (RTAs) exists and have been notified to the World Trade Organization (WTO) and over 150 of those agreements are in force. Most of these agreements have been concluded in the past ten years and cover mainly trades in goods or services, or a combination of both. To further complicate the issue of RTAs, many countries are members of several agreements; oftentimes these multiple agreements have differing rules. Europe seems to be taking the lead in regards to RTAs with sixty percent of the notified RTAs in force at the end of 2000 whereas developing countries only account for about fifteen percent of the total RTAs in 2000. The question that arises is whether the growth of regional groups helps or hinders the development of multilateral trading systems. Many countries are trying to balance between global and regional trade organizations. To understand the relative advantages of regional versus global organizations you must consider why international organizations are created. According to Yale University†s Bruce Russett, some organizations have single or multiple purposes, however, according to Russett, all international trade organizations have these purposes or functions. First, to secure peace among their members; second, to provide for external security vis-a-vis other states; third, to carry out a variety of economic-related tasks, such as development, managing or promoting interdependence; fourth, to address problems of environmental protection, and lastly, to secure human rights. These purposes or functions are normally carried out by a wide range of international organizations, including international non-governmental organizations (INGOs) and intergovernmental organizations (IGOs). Many scholars feel that the United Nations serves three distinct purposes, security against violence, economic security, and to promote human rights. It is the second purpose of the UN, economic security, which ties into regional and global economic organizations. The UNs economic security is, no doubt, a global and not a regional solution. It is the Bretton Woods institutions of the World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the WTO along with the UN Development Program that the UN uses to rebuild economies and develop poor and underdeveloped countries. These institutions have been concerned with promoting economic interdependence, reducing poverty, and stimulating economic development. Because of these functions, these global institutions have underpinned economic interdependence and have become major advocates for the spread of free markets. The problem is that as the UN and these aforementioned organizations propagate free trade and globalization, many regions feel they are losing there autonomy and are looking towards more regional agreements, hence the move towards regionalism in the 1990s. There are two basic schools of thought in regards to the relationship between multilateral (globalization) and regional trading arrangements. According to Bhagwati and Panagariya, those who advocate the total reliance on the multilateral economic process express three main concerns against regional economics. These reasons are: First, regional agreements divert trade by creating preferential treatment for member countries vis-a-vis nonmembers, the term for this used by anti regionalism critics is preferential trade agreements (PTAs). Second, critics argue that countries may lose interest in the multilateral system when they engage actively in regional initiatives; they feel that regionalism will stall and even threaten global trading. Third, regional trading agreements may contribute to political and even military clashes among nations, this though is the extreme. Still and all, contemporary critics of regionalism do worry that extensive and regional ties may lead to conflicts that range beyond economics to broader areas of international relations. The champions of regionalism address and counter each one of the aforementioned issues. C. Fred Bergsten nicely sums up the points that counter the critics of regionalism. Bergsten lists these three opposite views on the issues presented by the critics of regionalism: First, regional arrangements promote freer trade and multilateralism in at least two areas, trade creation has generally exceeded trade diversion and regionalism contribute to both internal and international dynamics that enhance rather than reduce the prospects for global liberalization. Second, regionalism oftentimes has important demonstration effects; that is to say, that regional initiatives can accustom officials, governments, and nations to the liberalization process and increase the probability that they will subsequently move on to similar multilateral actions. Lastly, regionalism has had positive rather then negative political effects; the European Union (EU), because of economic interdependence, is unlikely to see any serious conflicts between the member states. As the last two paragraphs show, it is impossible to decisively resolve the regionalism versus multilateralism issue. Most analysis of free trade agreements (FTAs) conclude that trade creation has dominated trade diversion but that conclusion is not without foolproof results and the future cannot guarantee that regional arrangements will have similarly benign results. However, most economic scholars agree that regional and global liberalization have proceeded together and have tended to reinforce each other; the US would be a good example of this, the US has continued to provide global leadership for multilateral liberalization while simultaneously pursuing it†s regional initiatives. In the end, the evidence suggests that the interactions have been largely positive but this conclusion is based on judgmental rather then definitive results. The only irrefutable conclusion is that the interrelationship between regionalism and globalism depends on the management of the process by the key countries involved. If those countries seek constructive synergism between regionalism and globalism, then the historical record shows that that synergism can be achieved. If those countries wish to pursue either regionalism or globalism at the expense of the other, then the outcome could be different. What has evolved is a term called â€Å"open regionalism,† open regionalism represents an effort to resolve one of the central problems of global trade policies; how to achieve compatibility between the explosion of regional trading agreements erupting around the world and the global trading system as embodied in the WTO. The â€Å"open regionalism† concept seeks to assure that regional agreements will in practice be building blocks for further global liberalization rather then stumbling blocks that deter progress. â€Å"Open regionalism† has been adopted by the three largest economies in the world, the United States (US), Japan, and China, when those economies established an international trade organization, the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). According to Bergsten, APEC is the largest regional trade organization in the world and is potentially the most far-reaching trade agreement in history, therefore, APEC is a major factor in the world trading system and its embrace of â€Å"open regionalism† has propelled this concept into the global marketplace. The concept of â€Å"open regionalism† represents an effort to achieve the best of regionalism and globalism, the benefits of regional liberalization, of which even the critics acknowledge, without jeopardizing the continued vitality of the multilateral system. Proponents of open regionalism view it as a device through which regionalism can be employed to accelerate the progress towards global liberalization and rule making. Ross Garnaut gives five possible definitions of â€Å"open regionalism† and these can be implemented simultaneously as well as independently, the five definitions that Garnaut gives are: One, â€Å"open regionalism† has open membership in the regional arrangement. Any country that indicates a credible willingness to accept the rules of the institution would be invited to join. Second, the most favored nation (MFN) treatment concept would be utilized; trade liberalization would be extended unconditionally to all of the members† trading partners. Third, conditional MFNs would be instituted to counter the unconditional MFNs mentioned in the second definition. Outsiders would accept offers from regional trade organizations in order to avoid being discriminated against by countries that account for half the world†s economy. Fourth, regional organizations will continue reducing their barriers on a global basis while pursuing their regional goals. Continuing the practice of unilateral liberalization and multilateral negotiations in the WTO would do this; both approaches avoid creating a new discrimination and could be viewed as faithful renditions of â€Å"open regionalism. † Finally, trade facilitation through non-tariff and non-border reforms. Such initiatives would be narrowly focused, though still valuable in enhancing trade, such as customs harmonization and mutual recognition of product standards. Economic regionalism and globalism can co-exist, in fact, as can be seen with the US, a state can practice both and flourish. Most countries will accept the idea of â€Å"open regionalism† and will want to promote liberalization in both their region and globally, â€Å"open regionalism† allows those states to do this. These countries must indicate publicly both their regional liberalization program and their willingness to extend that liberalization to all members of global organizations, such as the WTO, on a reciprocal basis. Such a strategy is feasible, as noted earlier, over sixty percent of world trade already takes place within regional arrangements that have either achieved free trade, are getting close to that position, or have committed to do so. The advantage of overcoming current preferential discrimination offered to MFNs would be enticing enough to convince most countries to take the additional step of freeing trade with all partners rather then a selected few while still maintaining regional ties, this is exactly what â€Å"open regionalism† does.