gideon Essay -- essays papers

gideon Gideon v. Wainwright What the vast majority don't know is that in the past those captured for a wrongdoing didn't generally reserve the privilege to a lawyer except if they had cash. This turned into a privilege since Clarence Gideon, a jail detainee who didn't have the cash for a legal counselor, took a pencil in his grasp and composed his own request to the United States Supreme Court. Clarence Gideon, without an attorney, took his case to the most elevated court in the nation and won significant rights for us all. In 1961, Clarence Gideon was captured in Florida on a charge of breaking and going into a pool lobby. Gideon was a conceivable suspect for the police to capture: he was a 51-year old wanderer who had been in and out of prison commonly since he fled from home to be a â€Å"hobo† at age 16. Despite the fact that he scarcely completed the eighth-grade, when Gideon was captured he knew two things: one of which was that he had not perpetrated this wrongdoing and the second is he would not get an opportunity to persuade a jury that he was not blameworthy on the off chance that he didn't have a legal counselor. Since Gideon couldn't bear the cost of a legal counselor, he requested that an adjudicator choose a legal advisor to speak to him. The appointed authority won't and Gideon was sentenced. He was condemned to five years in prison, which gave him a ton of free time. He set out to really utilize that time. Initially, he recorded a request under the steady gaze of the Florida Supreme Court. The request was denied. So then he chose to document an appeal in the U.S. Incomparable Court contending that putting him being investigated without a legal advisor was...

Russia and Central Eastern Europe as a market area an Example of the Topic Economics Essays by

Russia and Central Eastern Europe as a market zone Russia and Central Eastern Europe as a market zone in 2010:Forecast the eventual fate of business in Russia and your situation inside this specific circumstance. Gauge the fate of business in Russia and your situation inside this specific situation. Russia and Central Eastern Europe is absolutely one of the most encouraging business sector territories of the world. With an amazing inheritance from the Soviet time, an informed populace and huge common assets, Russia has an incredible potential for improvement. Despite the fact that assailed by serious financial issues and political and administration wasteful aspects at that point, the country has the potential for a stupendous rebound this may occur when 2010. Its restoration can have a reviving impact on different nations of the area that have plausibility to grow by selling their items in Russia and have huge numbers of indistinguishable focal points from their bigger neighbor. The accomplishment of any future business in Russia will rely upon ones capacity to discover approaches to achievement in this mind boggling setting. Need exposition test on Russia and Central Eastern Europe as a market zone theme? We will compose a custom article test explicitly for you Continue To evaluate Russias future, one ought to recollect as a matter of first importance that the country was the primary developmental piece of the Soviet Union, one of the two superpowers that took part neglected War. In spite of the undeniable destruction in this competition with the US, the USSR had the option to hold ground against the West for a very long while, and not in the last because of its created industry and military complex. Starting at now, Russian weapons, for example, rockets, tanks, rifles and others stay a serious item on the world field. The country is a significant provider of weapons in global markets, and this assembling includes numerous innovative issues that are hard to replicate in different nations. With a skilful administration, the nation can make this a genuine favorable position, and in 2010 all the more innovatively propelled businesses can create. One need not recall, be that as it may, the Soviet creation, characterized by the administration to meet their uncommon political objectives, was planned for making the nation amazing, not at making an individual resident wealthy. The disregard for singular utilization has prompted being worked on of this division. This caused lasting inadequacy of purchaser merchandise, which is negative for residents, however opens incredible opportunities for remote organizations with a notable, item with widely acclaimed quality. The Soviet Union likewise left behind a very great instructive framework that, being free for quite a while, gave access to capable adolescents from everywhere throughout the Soviet Union. This framework made due right up 'til the present time in Russia and Central European nations, for example, Ukraine, Belarus, and Moldova. With strong instructive organizations and a sound educational system, these countries can turn out a reliably high caliber of instructive projects and in result qualified authorities that can move the economy. The post-Soviet states are particularly wonderful for their examination and instruction in arithmetic and regular sciences, which is exceptionally significant for the advancement of modern creation in these nations. CIA World Factbook (2006) states that the education rate in Russia is around 99.6%. In this manner, absence of education is for all intents and purposes non-existent in these countries, which can likewise assist them with achieving accomplishme nt in business. In five years time, Russia will keep on creating very much qualified pros who will have hit the market and made changes in the economy. Normal assets are additionally not an issue to limit without any problem. This basically alludes to Russia as Central Europe doesn't contain such huge numbers of assets. Russias advancement specifically will be genuinely influenced by the enormous stores of oil of 69 billion barrels by 2003 evaluations that make is second significant oil provider of the world after Saudi Arabia (CIA 2006). Fortunes made on oil, for example, those of Mikhail Khodorkovsky and Roman Abramovich vouch for the reality the oil holds are a significant wellspring of riches whenever dispersed fairly. The nationalization of Abramovichs organization Sibneft and the accepted nationalization of Yukos, for all the embarrassment related with the occasion, imply that the Kremlin has recaptured authority over the worthwhile business, and the oil incomes are bound to remain in the nation, conveying monetary advantages. Oil income are accepted to have added to a noteworthy decrease in Russias remote obligation (dropping from 90% of GDP in 1998 to about 36%) and flood in outside stores (from $12 billion to about $180 billion toward the finish of 2005) (CIA 2006). Absolutely the effect of oil incomes will rely upon the capacity of the Russian government to bridle the consistent stream of income for modernization and improvement of economy, however in any event this pad can enable the country to make a progress from Soviet-time obsolete plants and industrial facilities to an increasingly present day, propelled economy. With Russias current strategies focused on the development of an adjustment support, this may get simpler to acknowledge by 2010. A similar pad for change is managed, for example, to Belarus as lower gas costs esteemed appropriate by the Russian government because of broad participation with Lukashenkos system. Ukraine, valid, has lost hold of a chance to benefit from less expensive gas that was recently provided by Russia subsequent to picking an ace Western political course, however with the new decisions coming the country can rethink its future heading and by and by enter a concurrence with Russia at modest gas costs. These would offer Central Europe without a doubt a questionable favorable position in building up their economies, making them subordinate upon Russia. Be that as it may, lower gas costs can likewise assist them with developing their economies to satisfy Western guidelines. Regardless, the shakiness of the political circumstance and reliance on gas costs on governmental issues makes the Central Eastern European economies of the area rather unsteady. The improvement of the locale will most likely face numerous significant issues. The Soviet time left a negative inheritance that is hard to survive. As a framework grounded in debasement, it left a surprisingly more terrible defilement to the new market economy that quickened in the wild perestroika period and was associated in Russia to the age of Boris Yeltsin. In spite of the fact that Vladimir Putin is seen as a more grounded pioneer, increasingly successful in tackling this unsafe marvel, there is no sign that it has stopped to be a calculate both corporate and government dynamic. Talking about Central Eastern Europe, it is undoubtedly a factor in Ukraine where its present President picked up power after effectively abusing the subject of debasement in previous President Leonid Kuchmas government. Degenerate authorities keep on settling on one-sided choices that influence the proficiency of business since agreements and licenses frequently go not to those with the best abilitie s, yet to those with the best associations. Nonetheless, the experience of Italy, for example, exhibits that defilement isn't strong, and that the country can make its economy work even with this destructive wonder present. Every one of these elements will influence the advancement of Russia and Central Eastern Europe in the following scarcely any years. Most presumably, by 2010 development of the Russian economy will proceed, despite the fact that the objective broadcasted by Vladimir Putin, multiplying the national GDP, will scarcely be accomplished. Russia will most presumably keep on drawing its development from its characteristic assets as oil costs are probably going to take off much further. This can result in the countrys economy developing, while the riches will stay gathered in the hands of a rich faction of specialists and degenerate authorities. This will make salary appropriation slanted proceeding with the pattern of the past, starting at 1998 when the top most extravagant 10% of the country expended 38.7%, the base 10% represented just 1.7% of national utilization (CIA 2006). This makes the Russian market a decent spot for extravagance merchandise that are enthusiastically devoured by the top rich, while likewise showing the slack in open utilization. To this date, in the boulevards of Moscow, one can see extravagance vehicles while most of the populace can't bear the cost of a vehicle and need to utilize open transportation. In any case, if economy keeps on blasting which is in all likelihood, individual wages that have posted increments over 12% in 2005 will keep on developing (CIA 2006). This will add impulse to the improvement of the Russian market for buyer merchandise that, as expressed previously. regularly stay beneath world gauges an eventual outcome of the Soviet time. Consequently, the Russian customers that have recuperated after the 1998 monetary emergency will in future be better ready to pay for products and ventures, a reality which opens additional opportunities for shopper driven enterprises. A similar will be watched most likely in Ukraine, Belarus, and Moldova that likewise display a littler lopsidedness (23.2% versus 3.7% in Ukraine) and a somewhat progressively impartial pay conveyance, so in these countries a littler ascent in pay will have more noteworthy effect on thriving of conventional residents who are buyers for mass market items (CIA 2006). The organization that needs to prevail with regards to offering customer merchandise to Russian, Ukrainian or Belarusian purchasers will most likely need to start a business in one of these nations since imports might be truly influenced by obligations and standards. Consequently, the two countries are putting forth substantial attempts to ensure their household car enterprises, slapping imported vehicles, particularly utilized ones, with overwhelming import obligations. An organization that will wander into nearby get together may before long addition upper hand over its opponents that will come later to similar markets. In addition, organization with nearby specialists can have different genuine focal points. For example, this will permit agents to explore through complex systems of neighborhood authorities and

Video Lesson Quoting and Paraphrasing

Video Lesson Quoting and Paraphrasing (3) Length: 2:19 They say “practice makes perfect,” and that’s exactly what comes into play when students start learning how to effectively and responsibly include quotes and paraphrases in their writing. It doesn’t come easily for everyone! Starting at a young age, students all over the world learn and practice how to create argumentative, expository, analytical, and other types of research-style essays. These assignments require students to include relevant quotes and paraphrases from outside sources in their writing. The quotes and paraphrases serve as evidence, which helps support students’ positions and stances to their readers. Are you looking to help your students understand how and when to use quotes and paraphrases in their writing? Our two-minute video can help! “When Should I Paraphrase and When Should I Quote?” is a two-minute long video that highlights: How to include evidence in a research paper, essay, or response What paraphrasing and quoting is How to combine paraphrases with ones own interpretation Why and how quotes are included in writing The amount of quotes and paraphrases to include in a writing piece Here are a few discussion questions to pose to your students: How is a quote different than a paraphrase? What are the characteristics of each? Why should high quality writing assignments include a mix of both quotes and paraphrases? Why and when should a student include a paraphrase in their writing? Why and when should a student use a direct quote in their writing? When is it not a good idea to use a paraphrase or quote? To expand on students’ thinking, here are some extension activities: Provide students with a simple reading passage, article, or children’s book. Have students create an analysis of the book or passage, with a couple of paraphrases and quotes included from the source. Display or provide a writing piece with too many quotes and paraphrases. Have students “grade” the writing piece and provide recommendations for improvement. Introduce how to properly structure in-text and parenthetical citations. Use the MLA style guide and this APA style paper guide on to help! Feel free to use or post the above, and be on the lookout for more videos to include in your curriculum and enhance your teaching! Looking for more? Check out our other helpful resources on . That includes our plagiarism and grammar checker, as well as our grammar guides. The guides cover what is a verb, a list of adjectives, coordinating and subordinating conjunctions, and more!

Nuclear Arms Essay - 627 Words

Nuclear Arms On August 6, 1945, Hiroshima was devastated by a most cruel and terrible new bomb, as described by Emperor Hirohito, one of the Axis leaders during World War II. Since then, nuclear weapons have become a major threat to humanity as more and more missiles, bombs, and other weapons are created by different countries. Today, many nations, including the United States and Russia, are working together to disarm their stockpile of nuclear weapons. Germany first started developing a fission bomb in 1939. Albert Einstein, along with other scientists, realized this and wrote to President Roosevelt regarding the threat to the Allies. Shortly after, the United States began serious efforts to produce an atomic bomb, later†¦show more content†¦A large plant was built in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, that had the sole purpose of separating the different forms of uranium. Using a process of magnetic separation devised by H. C. Urey, Ernest Lawrence successfully solved this major problem. Six years, and two billion dollars, were spent by some of the greatest minds in the world to create the first weapon of mass destruction. Led by J. Robert Oppenheimer, the team of scientists detonated the new bomb on July 16, 1945. Although successful, the general reaction was far from ecstatic. Many people on the project signed a petition to never use such a device. I am become death, said one person, the destroyer of worlds. Shortly after Hiroshima was attacked, Nagasaki fell victim to this terrible weapon. Emperor Hirohita, fearing continued destruction, surrendered immediately. World War II was finally over, but the ‘Atomic Age’ had just begun. In August, 1949, the Soviet Union detonated its first nuclear bomb. As a result, the US and the USSR began a race to compile an arsenal of the most powerful weapons as possible. This led to the development of the hydrogen bomb, a much more devastating version of the atom bomb. An H-bomb uses both nuclear fission and fusion to create a huge explosion. First, an uncontrolled fission reaction takes place, which creates extreme temperature and pressure. This massive force activates a fusion reaction, creating a very destructive blast at least five times theShow MoreRelatedArms Control (Nuclear Disarmament)1285 Words   |  6 PagesArms Control (Nuclear Disarmament) Arms control refers to any international limitation or regulation where developing, testing, producing, deploying, or even using weapons is concerned on the basis that it is inevitable for some national military establishments to continue existing. 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Everyone Establishes Their Own Truth - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1958 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/04/01 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Truth Essay Did you like this example? Different people share different experiences and therefore everyone establishes their own truth. Truth is something that is created by ones opinions and although the truth is something that we consider as morally right, the truth is not always used for the right reasons. The truth never shifts into something else and it is in constant no matter the circumstances. Those who seek the truth can be regretful of it and realize that life might have been better without it. Certain people are extremely self-centered in the sense that they forget to take take other peoples opinions and perspectives into consideration. In literary works such as Oedipus Complex by Sophocles and Flannery OConnors short story such as Good Country People, characters are swept away by their own ignorance and oblivion and that they forget what is front of them. Some of these characters get tricked because they are too caught up in trying to put their own beliefs and morals into others, and some are too ignorant to realize that not everything and everyone is what it appears to be. Ultimately, these characters realize their wrongdoings and mistakes too late as well as realize that their previous life had been fake. Thus, the truth that they know and morals that they impose on other people for self gain and manipulation come back to haunt them which lead to their own fatal fall. Some of these characters realize that the truth they were seeking did not bring them the enlightenment Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Everyone Establishes Their Own Truth" essay for you Create order they wanted. In Good Country People Hulga is one if the main characters who is living a fake life. She has a fake/artificial leg. Her name is not her name. And lastly unlike most people she has a weak heart, literally and metaphorically. She was named Joy by her mother, maybe because her mother thought that shed bring her happiness. An example of Mrs. Hopewell trying to impose her own ideas and expectations on her daughter. From the start she decided to set standards on her daughter on what she wanted her to be. Joy changed it to Hulga which for some people can sound very ugly and bland but it correlates to her grumpy nature. We can see that Hulga wanted to choose her own identity and not what her mother wanted her to be. Her true nature lays within her new name but her mother still calls her by her old one because Mrs. Hopewell only knows her truthand her ideas. Hulga wanted her own identity and truth without other imposing it on her but her mothers footsteps follow her as she starts to impose her own beliefs on others. Hulga has many degrees as well as a Phd in philosophy. She considers herself as an atheist and has no indication in believing in God. Because of her different circumstances and beliefs she tends to be a judgmental as well as nave towards people who are not like her. She side eyes both her mother and Mrs Freeman because if their unintellectual conversations. Hulga claims that she does not believe in God but in the truth of nothing. Yet, she goes off on her mother and says: Woman! Do you ever look inside? Do you ever look inside and see what you are not? God! [Â ¦] Malebranche was right: we are not our own light. We are not our own light!. Hulga is clearly impeding things into her own mother and this indicates that she is not the atheist we thought she was and there is a hint of uncertainty within her beliefs. We can clearly see more when Manley shows up. Manley is 19 years old while Hugla is 30, and he spends his time selling bibles. Manley is younger than her, therefore has less experience and according to Hulga he can be manipulated easily. He is also a christian and therefore according to her those who believe in God are always morally right and have no harm to others. She thinks that someone who believes in God cannot be possible smart enough and thus is easier to manipulate. It implies that she thinks that those who are religious are stupid and have no judgments of their own. At this point Hulga believes that her truth is more right than others. She imagines how she will seduce Manley but in the end she is the one who gets seduced. Hulga also believes that because they share a weakness together (the heart condition) she has him under her control. While they are sharing kisses Manley even takes her glasses without even noticing which symbolizes that she is under his spell and is tricked by someone who she thought was easily to manipulate. Hulgas perception of reality changes. Her truth becomes wrong because she realizes that not everyone is what they seem to be. When Manley takes his artificial leg Hulga experiences her fatal fall because what she thought good country people were it ends up being opposite what she originally thought. She tells him: Youre a Christian! Youre a fine Christian! Youre just like them all you say one thing and do another. Youre a perfect Christian, youre(139). Ultimately, Hugla experiences her fall because she was too blinded by her own truth and opinions that she forgot that others could be much smarter than her. In Oedipus Rex by Sophocles, the truth is shown in a completely different way. Similar to Hulga whose name reveals her dull and uncertain nature, Oedipus name means screwed up foot which reveals that he had spikes on his feet when he was a child. It also reveals how his life turns out to be not the best and not what he had imagined it. Although unlike Hulga who tries to impose her truths and beliefs on others, Oedipus is confident in his own ideas and he seeks the truth for the sake of others as well as himself. He is selfless because he cares about his people and if the truth means saving his kingdom he will do anything within his power to find it. Unfortunately Oedipus truth for some people would be considered to be hidden for his own sake, because it is the truth that brings his fall. From the first page we can see how Oedipus is determined to find out who killed Laius because finding the murderer would stop the plague that has swept away in his kingdom. Oedipus never knew that finding the truth about someones murderer would actually lead to the truth about his own identity. Oedipus is told by the chorus that Teiresias can help him find the murderer because he can see the future. When Teiresias refuses to tell him Oedipus claims that Teiresias is against him. Oedipus doesnt give up and the prophet foreshadows that Oedipus is a threat to his own self: The man is in Thebes. To your mind he is a foreign-born, / But it will soon be shown that he is a theban( Sophocles 23). Teiresias is already telling Oedipus the truth and yet Oedipus is too blind to notice it. Throughout the story Oedipus is in constant need to pursue the truth and nothing else. He summons the sheppard, the prophet, gets into arguments with Creon (his brother and law) and spends countless days tryin g to figure out what is going on. He is reminded of the prophecy countless times and yet he can never piece the things together. Oedipus is given countless of hints about his identity as well as warnings about not going into further digging because it will hurt him more. When Creon and Oedipus are having a conversation : Where are they? Where in the wide world to find / The far, faint traces of a bygone crime / In this land, said the god; who seeks shall find; / Who sits with folded hands or sleeps is blind. Creon implies that if Oedipus will seek the truth he will find it. The problem is that will Oedipus like the truth that he will find? Will he regret digging for it? Oedipus is determined but Iocasta starts imposing her beliefs in him. She tells him: From now on never think of those things againWhy think of him? / Forget this herdsman. Forget it all. / This talk is a waste of time(50-56). She is encouraging him to drop the problem that is bothering him because it is not important. It implies that maybe Oedipus should not look for the truth because it will only bring him ruin and yet Iocaste imposing her ideas on him makes Oedipus even more determined to seek it. It shows that the truth can be extremely desirable even if it means it will bring misery. Ultimately, when Oedipus finally puts all of the pieces of the puzzle together and reveals the truth about his identity, he is in complete shock to the point where he gouges out his own eyes. He says: But the blinding hand was my own! / How could I bear to see / When all my sight was horror everywhere(72)? Oedipus explains that there is nothing good for him to see and that the truth was there all along and despite the fact that he had eyes to see it, he was not able to realize it. This symbolises the truth that someone is looking for doesnt always bring happiness to the person. Hulga and Oedipus are different and similar in many aspects. For starters they are similar because both are blinded by what is in front of them. Hulga is so into herself that she forgets that people are not what they appear to be and essentially she is tricked by this boy who she thought meant no harm to her. On the other hand Oedipus is constantly in the need to find his truth that in the end he gets hurt by it. Different circumstances and different experiences show that the truth comes in different forms and the truth doesnt always bring happiness to the person seeking it. Hulga imposes her beliefs and truths on others because she thinks that they are too naive to think for themselves, while Oedipus has other people telling him that he should not seek the truth. Iocaste tells him to forget about his problem and yet Oedipus is constant need to dig it. There is a major difference between the truths that these two characters have. Hulga needs the truth because it will show the mistake s that she made. She needs it in order to realize that what she is doing is wrong. Unlike Hulga who cant seem to notice the truths that others have, Oedipus is always in the search for it, but for him the truth brings him ruin, and some could even argue that Oedipus should have left the truth hidden somewhere where he can never find it. Ultimately, what we know about the truth is that it never changes, but it will always change the person for either better or worse. What we know and learn about these literary works is that we shouldnt be deceived by others because everyone has their own ideals. It doesnt make it right for us to manipulate others because essentially you can be manipulated in return. We should take into consideration of what others are saying and acting What we know about truth can be completely different from reality and not taking others into consideration will only lead us into a downfall. Seeking the truth might not always bring us what we want and therefore we shouldnt set expectations on them. The truth can be right in front of us but sometimes we are too ignorant to realize it, but finding it doesnt always mean that it will bring us happiness. There needs to be a balance.

World War 1 and Peace Plan Free Essays

———————– President Woodrow Wilson had a plan for peace in the war known as the Fourteen Points. It was also called â€Å"Peace Without Victory. † The plan meant to prevent international problems from causing another war. We will write a custom essay sample on World War 1 and Peace Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now To promote his plan for peace, Wilson visited Paris, London, Milan, and Rome in Europe. However, the Allies were against Wilson’s Fourteen Points. The Allies wanted to punish Germany for the war. One idea of Wilson’s peace plan was an end to secret treaties. One issue that caused World War I that was addressed in that idea was entangling alliances between the countries. Another idea was a limit on weapons. The issue that lead to World War I that was addressed in that idea was militarism. The most important of Wilson’s Fourteen Points was a League Of Nations, to protect the independence of all countries. The issue that caused World War I that was addressed in that was also the entangling alliances. The final treaty that was agreed on was the Treaty Of Versailles. Germany thought they were getting Wilson’s peace plan but instead, they got this. The Treaty of Versailles consisted of many ways of punishing Germany. The war guilt clause was a part of the treaty. The war guilt clause stated that Germany had to accept the blame of causing the war. Another part noted that Germany had to give up it’s colonies. It also consisted of the fact that Germany had to pay all war costs. This means they had to pay their war cost, as well as the Allies‘ war costs, which was over $200 billion. The Allies also wanted to disarm Germany. This meant that they wanted to cut off Germany’s army and navy, so they wouldn’t be able to fight another war for a long time. Did the Treaty of Versailles lead to World War II? The Treaty of Versailles was the way of the Allies to punish Germany. To surrender, Germany accepted Wilson’s Fourteen Points but Germany didn’t get anything close to a peace plan. The treaty resulted in bitterness, betrayal, and hatred between Germany and the Allies. Italy was also not happy with the treaty because they did not get the territory they were promised for helping the Allies. Therefore, the Treaty of Versailles did â€Å"plant the seeds† of World War II because Germany and Italy wanted revenge. Priyanka Dongare Social Studies Mr. Ranalli 2 April 9, 2010 World War I was one of the bloodiest wars fought in history. The two sides were the Allies and the Central Powers. The Allied countries were Great Britain, France, Russia, Serbia, and Italy. The Central Powers were Austria Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire. There were many reasons the war started, such as militarism, entangling alliances between countries, imperialism, and nationalism. Militarism was the policy of building up a strong army and navy to prepare for war. Alliances were agreements between nations in which they promised to support one another in case of attack. Imperialism was the policy of powerful countries seeking to control weaker countries. Nationalism was extreme feelings of pride in one’s country. At the beginning of the war, the United States was a neutral country. However, the neutrality of the United States was tested and it entered the war. The entry of the United States into World War 1 marked the turning point of the war and changed the outcome. However the postwar goals of the Allies may have lead to the outbreak of World War II. For most of World War I, the United States was a neutral country. One reason for neutrality was President Washington. Washington warned to stay out of European affairs and entangling alliances. Another reason for the United States to stay neutral was the Atlantic Ocean, which acted as a natural barrier between the United States and Europe. The neutrality of the United States was soon tested. One reason why the United States entered World War I was Germany’s strategy during the war. Germany used submarines called u-boats and sunk any ship without warning near the Allies’ countries, which was the war zone. Therefore, Germany cut off supplies to Allies, while the United States was supplying the Allies. Germany also sank the Lusitania, which was a British passenger ship, in which 128 Americans died. The Zimmermann Telegram also enraged many Americans. The Zimmermann telegram was sent by Germany’s foreign secretary, Arthur Zimmermann, to the German minister in Mexico. The secret note urged Mexico to attack the United States if the United States declared war on Germany. In return, Germany would help Mexico win back it’s lost territories from the United States, such as Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico. Therefore, the U. S. entered the war on the side of the Allies. How to cite World War 1 and Peace Plan, Essay examples

White Night Event for Public Engagement- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theWhite Night Event for Public Engagement. Answer: Description of the event The White Night event of Melbourne is not an ordinary urban event; instead it is a mega event that allows several kinds of movement and energy to flow through the capillaries of the city Melbourne. It acts as a platform where numerous art and culture related events take place. Re-ignited in February 2018, the event under the direction of David Atkins OAM has welcomed the audiences from across the globe in order to see the art taking over the Melbournes building, parks, laneways and street, everyone a stage, everyone a canvas, everyone alive, alight and shining brightly under the cover of complete darkness. It is now into its 6th year. The event ran from 7p.m of Saturday 17 to 7a.m of Sunday 18. The event has re-imagined the entire city through lighting, installations, exhibitions, music, film, performance and many more. However, the lighting and the projection works were best viewed after the darkness. The major cultural institutions such as ACMI (Australian Centre for the Moving Image), Arts Centre Melbourne, NGV (National Gallery of Victoria), State Library Victoria and Melbourne Museum have offered programming for the entire twelve hours. There were also seating arrangements available in the indoor venues, restaurants and cafes. Public seating arrangeme nts were available on the streets, key food stops and the rest areas. With the same, one of the most significant things about the White Night event was that all the public areas of the event were alcohol free. The program covered up more than hundred free cultural activities and events in just twelve hours. Positive benefits of the event White Night turns the entire city into a cultural playground. The interactions of the audiences and their participation are the most important components of the event and it brings the art projects of the digital media directly into the view of the common publics (McCormick et al. 2015). The event represents an arising international development which has brought up the public arts in front of the large audiences. The event brings a concentrated array of artworks as well as a unique scale of public engagement, which makes it one of the most valuable events to analyze because of its approach to the public art. Art practices in public spaces like White Night is considered to be very valuable events in order to get to know about the way public perceive the public art and culture. People frequently follow social conventions in order to guide their use of the public spaces. These type of interactive digital technologies lets them make non-destructive yet stimulating audio, tactile and visu al experiences of their very own design. Such a new and conceptual image of these public spaces changes their social as well as personal experience. Using such conceptual frameworks that makes use of both participants and artist led artwork, which welcomes co-creativity, a socially engaging and unique experience is created that has an ongoing social impacts and affects. Negative benefits of the event During the event, the flows are disordered and warped because of physical reorganization of the streets and of the sharing public spaces (Diggle 2014). The streets were limited to only foot traffics. The commuters became pedestrians as the motorists and trams were very limited to the fringes of the city, along with cyclists unable to pass and navigate the crowd because of the messy and congested foot traffic. Such disruptiveness is a threat to safety. Is it a success or failure? The event has impressed a lot of people this time as well. The limelight projections, the liquid sky of federation square, the phantasmagoria- Carlton Gardens, the State library, the alter of the future created by the Victoria University, the spectacular Plus minus zero- Lonsdale street, the bells at the Federation Square, the silent disco inside one of the new trains of Melbourne were the biggest hits of the recent White Night event of February 2018. Though the event is considered to be one of the most famous and most liked events in the world, still the White Night event of 2018 is comparatively disappointing to the last five years. In fact, as compared to the last year, there was not much crowd gathered this time. People were disappointed with some of the things this time and they include the most disappointing snow lane, which had no sound effect, no snow on the ground along with very ordinary lighting; the underwhelming Alexandra and Queen Victoria gardens and Wish tree, which w as very poorly executed. As compared to the previous years, there were lot of street performances but the buildings were not much colorful with projectors (Nam 2015). Overall, the event was a successful one. It had more hits than misses and it has succeeded in grabbing the attention of the entire world. What makes it different from the other events? The main reason behind the visiting of millions of people around the globe to this White Night event is to experience the unique art works and to explore the beautiful laneways of Melbourne that is completely transformed by this very event. The event is as much as a traversing of creativity as the same is of the city and the people it consists. People all round the globe visits this festival especially to witness its artistic expressions and the creativity. Furthermore, the event is a true example of playful participation of the audience, their engagement and embrace of art and culture as experience (Solter 2015). The various types of installations provide the audience with unique sensory experiences that none of the other events could provide. This is done not only by means of effective use of sounds and visual content but also through the engagements of the audiences, which successfully creates a starting point for fascinating social interactions in between the audience and the mem bers in installation environment. The event is all about diverse artistic expressions with the use of both old and new media artworks. Every artwork is unique in its own way. Each of the artwork has its own special forms of interactions and meanings for social involvement and engagement. They empower social participations by means of multimedia installations, which shows the potential of social engagement as most of the presented works are been focused on the participants-led. Origin The event was inspired by one of the most famous event Nuit Blance, which was first originated in Paris in the year 2002 (Mercer and Mayfield 2015). In the year 2013, Melbourne became the city in Australia that holds the White Night festival. It was created by the State Government of Victoria (managed and owned by Visit Victoria) in order to showcase the local, international and national artistic innovation. The event was an instant success along with more than 3, 00,000 people enjoying the event all night. Since then, every year, an average number of 50lakh people have moved into the Central Business District for one night every February in order to witness this great cultural event of the Australian calendar. The event is produced by the famous David Atkins Enterprises, along with David Atkins OAM (the well known Artistic Director and CEO) at helm. The curating works are created by the local and global artists. There is no doubt about it that White Night is one of the major public vents in the city of Melbourne and it is one of the widely loved one as well. It is one of the great events that presents exciting new questions related to how public culture can manifest and transform in the contemporary cities (Richards 2016). It provides the city planners and the artists with new challenges. Hence, it has the true potential to last for the coming years as well. References: McCormick, J., Divers, P., Hutchison, S., Vincs, R., Hossny, M., Nahavandi, D., Vincent, J.B. and Vincs, K., 2015. Vox lumen: People into Light. Mercer, D. and Mayfield, P., 2015. City of the Spectacle: White Night Melbourne and the politics of public space.Australian Geographer,46(4), pp.507-534. Nam, Y.T., 2015. Case Study: White Night Melbourne in 2013 and 2014 Disruption or Contribution Toward the Socially Engaged Public (Art)?. InProceedings of the ISEA 2015 Conference: The 21st International Symposium on Electronic Art. Richards, S., 2016. Proud in the middleground: how the creative industries allow the Melbourne queer film festival to bring queer content to audiences.Studies in Australasian Cinema,10(1), pp.129-142. Slter, A.A., 2015. Festival circus, golden gnomes and cultural diplomacy. The Audi Festival of German films in the context of multicultural festivals in Australia.Studies in Australasian Cinema,9(2), pp.190-204.

Yellow Wallpaper Essay Paper Example For Students

Yellow Wallpaper Essay Paper Eng-1Professor MuellerIt must be about 3 a.m. I am laid up in this hospital with breast cancer writing about my life. I was married to a doctor, God rests his soul, but men in my days were not fun to be with. I had a depression problem and I believe he was more burdensome than the depression itself. There was a time when I just had a baby, I became very depressed, and my husband said it would do me well to get fresh air. I, the woman of the times, wanted to get better and I trusted my husband, and had no other way. So he took me out in the country, and I mostly stayed in this beautiful house that had become my prison with one room in particular. It was there that I realized nobody was listening to me, I had become everyones burden, and my own burdens were not to be heard of. After all, how could I possibly have any, I was given daily baths and massages, I was not to look after my baby at all. I was feed breakfast, lunch and dinner. I was told not to write; it was most forbidden of it . They believed writing excited a woman too much; such a thing was not to be heard of. In that 1880s time a woman was to tend to her husband and the house hold.The room that I stayed in had the most absurd wallpaper. It was yellow, and it some areas it was faded or torn. I despised the wallpaper, but my dear husband said, My love if I fix the wall paper then it will be something else I will have to fix. So this is part of your therapy. You must get used to it.After a while it seemed as if the wallpaper began to reach out at me calling my name. It seemed like a woman was trapped inside the walls. I thought to myself, I must free her. And night I would wake up, and I would see her watching me. At first I was afraid, but now it seems as if we have become one. I watch her crawling around out in the yard from time to time desperately looking for freedom. I wanted so bad to free her, but how could I. I wanted to ask her, but how? Maybe she doesnt want this freedom I believe she so deserve s. I could not wait anymore, I desperately tore at the paper, and at last I freed her. I know now she wanted so much to be free. She was so beautiful with her yellow dress and the way she crawled on all fours, free to do as she pleased. We will write a custom essay on Yellow Wallpaper Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now As I lay her in this hospital bed, I have told my story. I am taking chloroform because I know longer want to live with the pain that comes with breast cancer. I have lived my life the best I knew how and suffered so much. I dont feel I can express the harshness of being a woman in my times. Please dont feel sorry for me as I take my own life God forgives me. English

Physical Activity Essays

Physical Activity Essays Physical Activity Essay Physical Activity Essay When any Of these are injured or not working properly then we get ill, and nobody likes to be ill. So it is important that we keep our body healthy. II. Relevance: Although physical activity is an attainable goal on the path to a healthier life, more than half of U. S. Adults do not get more then 30 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per day at least 5 days per week Ill. Credibility: According to Dry. Michael Pratt of the Centers for Disease control and prevention in Atlanta, Americans in general dont get enough exercise; 60% of Americans are not regularly active and 5% of Americans spend the majority of their time sitting. IV. Thesis: Exercise and fitness are essential to the overall well being of people and provides many health benefits for every one of all ages V. Preview: Today will speak about the benefits and different types of exercise, and just how much exercise you need to maintain being healthy. Body l. Different types of exercise A. There are four different types of exercise; Endurance, Strength, Balance, and Flexibility. Endurance activities increase your breathing and heart rate. They improve your overall fitness and build your endurance, which makes it easier to carry out many of your everyday activities. Brisk walking and dancing are examples of endurance exercise. B. Strength exercise makes your muscles stronger. Even small increases in strength can make a big difference in your ability to stay independent and carry out everyday activities such as climbing stairs and carrying groceries. Lifting weights are an example. C. Balance exercise helps prevent falls, which is a common problem in older adults. Standing on one foot and doing heel-to-toe-walks are exercising techniques to help. Last but not least is flexibility. Flexibility exercises stretch your muscles and give you more freedom of movement. You can do Yoga and certain stretches as exercises to help with that. Transition: Now, lets look at some of the benefits. II. How is exercise beneficial? A. Healthy lifestyle- Exercise combats health conditions and diseases. Regular psychical activity along with a healthy diet can lower your blood pressure and can reduce the risk of illnesses like type 2 diabetes and heart disease. B. Gives a sense of well being- Being In good shape can give you more energy and reduce depression and anxiety. C. Also, it helps with better self -esteem-you look and feel better when youre in shape. Staying active allows a good social life. Its a great way to have fun, make new friends, and spend quality with family. Ill. How much exercise do you need? A. Which activities you should perform, and how often and with what intensity, depend upon your medical issues, overall health, goals, and even your age. B. For people under 65- a cardiac exercise at a Moderate level, (for example, at a pace that makes you break a sweat but still allows you to have a conversation) for 30 minutes, five days a week C. For people over 65- a cardiac exercise at a Moderate level Moderate level (for example, at a pace that is demanding but still allows you to converse-?a level 6 on a scale of 10) for 30 minutes, five days a week Transition: In turn, making sure you balance out your exercise based on your current health status is very important so your not working yourself to hard but just at the right pace. Conclusion l. Summary: To summarize, exercise has a large impact on your health. It is essential to your overall well-being and it provides many health benefits for everyone. II. Reinforce Thesis: So, next time you ask yourself whether or not working out is really helping you, just remember all of the different ways that it Ill. Memorable Ending: Exercise and physical activity can have a positive effect on your everyday life. Even if you think youre too old or too out of shape to exercise, becoming active on a regular basis will give you more energy and the ability to do things more easily, faster, and for longer than before. If youre already active, keep up the good work. If you dont exercise now, its never too late to start.

Edgar Degas's Sculpture Little Dancer, Aged Fourteen Essay

Edgar Degas's Sculpture Little Dancer, Aged Fourteen - Essay Example If one is speaking with Marshall Berman, modernity is described as "a mode of vital experience-experience of space and time, of the self and others, of life's possibilities and perils-that is shared by men and women all over the world today. I will call this body of experience 'modernity'" (Berman, 1982). It encompasses the social changes that are constantly taking shape, the way in which these changes are experienced and the reflection of these experiences in various circles. It is a world of definition and ambiguity, a world of static definitions and constant change. For Marshall Berman, the contradictions of modernity are characterized by a tendency to order space and time while simultaneously promoting their ruination and failure. Many of these concepts are uniquely applicable to Edgar Degas' only publicly displayed sculpture, a small wax figure of a young ballet dancer conveying a strong sense of personality entitled "Little Dancer Aged Fourteen." In describing the modern human, Berman says "they are moved at once by a will to change - to transform both themselves and their world - and by a terror of disorientation and disintegration, of life falling apart" (Berman, 1982). Through this statement, it is easy to see the conflicting emotions of an individual undergoing change of any kind. Relating it to everyday life, an individual might strive to pursue a dream career by quitting their job and launching a business of their own, but at the same time be paralyzed by the fear of this new venture failing, or worse, succeeding. Either way, it represents a change in the way things have been. "To be modern is to live a life of paradox and contradiction. It is to be overpowered by the immense bureaucratic organizations that have the power to control and often to destroy all communities, values, lives; and yet to be undeterred in our determination to face these forces, to fight to change their world and make it our own. It is to be both revolutionary and conservative: alive to new possibilities for experience and adventure, frightened by the nihilistic depths to which so many modern adventures lead" (Berman, 1982). These were the ideas emerging in the world as Degas was working in his studio and the ideas that have been discovered within the small shape of his tiny dancer. The origin of the statue is not fully known. According to the foremost expert on the statue, Richard Kendall, the artist created the statue between the years of 1878 and 1881 when he was in his middle forties. This was at the height of his involvement with Impressionism and his sculpture is considered the first major sculpture associated with the movement. Impressionism is largely considered to be a movement within Modernism in which emphasis was placed on the emotional content of the image more than the physical content. Artists working during this period dedicated themselves to the depiction of human emotions as discovered through the colors and lines of their work rather than through the symbols and forms of the photograph and the machine age. In doing so, these artists were attempting to dig deep into the feeling of human experience as a means of discovering the true reality of what being human meant; in other words, to express the sublime. Lyotard (1984) describes this process a s an attempt "to make visible that

Alternative Energy and the Alberta Economy Assignment

Alternative Energy and the Alberta Economy - Assignment Example Many of these alternative sources of energy do not have the polluting effects as they do not produce any armful gases or waste in to the atmosphere. This is the fundamental reason why they are considered to be green sources of energy (All-recycling-facts.com, 2014). Cost effective: The plants utilized in the production of these sources of energy commonly require less management as compared to the plants that burn fossil fuels (Brown Paper Bag, 2014). This is essential in reducing the operational costs of producing and supplying energy to the region, a factor that makes them more cost effective than the fossil fuels. Reducing dependency on fossil fuels: As the sources of fossil fuels continue to diminish, there is an increased need to reduce the dependency on them as the main source of energy. The application of alternative energy sources presents an opportunity to reduce this dependency (All-recycling-facts.com, 2014). Reliability: Many of the alternative sources of energy depend on factors that cannot be controlled by humans, and that are natural, for example, solar depends on the sun and on wind on wind, while hydro power depends on rain to fill dams (Brown Paper Bag, 2014). This makes it impossible to predict the sources’ dependency in supplying a constant energy should these factors become unavailable or reduced. This makes them inconsistent and unpredictable. Easy production: The setting of fossil fuel plants remains relatively easy and the element of technological limitations has little effects (Scheid, 2014). This enables these energy sources to empower economic development because of the ease in setting up energy plants. Generation of large quantities: The production capacity for energy plants using fossil fuels commonly has a large output. The alternative sources of energy require stepping up to reach some desired

Discussing and comparing the Tyler model

Discussing and comparing the Tyler model In this essay I will be discussing and comparing the Tyler model and Knowles model for Adult Learners. This can be seen in section one where the comparison and contrasting of the two models will be established in order to get a better understanding. In section two I will choose one of the two models that are most appropriate for a learning context. The conclusion will consist of a summary of the key points established throughout this paper. Section One Tyler was very much linked with curriculum theory, development, educational assessment and evaluation. In education individuals regard Tyler as the father of behavioral objectives. This form of approach puts much more importance on the needs of the learner. There are similarities between Tylers and that of the andragogical model as they both relate specifically to the individuals self direction and their experience. Tyler regularly used this in learning to be a development during which an individual attains new patterns of behaviour. He had four basic questions regarding to learning: What educational purposes should the school seek to attain? What educational experiences can be provided that are likely to attain these purposes? How can these educational experiences be effectively organized? How can we determine whether these purposes are being attained? (Boone, pp.26) The previous questions are now well known in adult education. Knowledge of the psychology of learning helps set bounds on what can be learned within the given time and the current environment of the organization (Boone. Pp. 26). Tyler thought that the makeup of a schools curriculum had to relate to three main factors that together form the elements of an individuals education experience. First off would be the nature of the individual learner, which may include the individuals developmental factors, their learner interests/needs and also their life experiences. Second would involve the individuals values and aims of society, which may include values and attitudes. The last being knowledge of the subject matter. What the learner believes to be worthy and usable knowledge. In answering the four questions and in designing learning experience for students, curriculum developers had to establish judgments through the three factors. He believed that when setting educational objectives, pro grammers should take into consideration the learners, society, philosophical considerations within the institution conducting the program, the intellectual climate of society and experts in the subject (Bye Reich, pp. 181). The assumptions of this model are that all learning can be measured in terms of changing behaviours. One of the most frequently offered criticisms of programs of professional preparation by graduates who subsequently inhabit the real world of practice is that such programs are strong on theory but weak on practical application (Brookfield, pp. 201). Knowles is regarded as a central figure in US adult education in the second half of the twentieth century. The programming model is structured on his andragogical philosophy, where one assumes that adults move toward self-direction. By doing this use their experience as a learning resource, then are ready to learn in accordance with socio-developmental tasks and desire immediate application of learning. Knowles believes that the adult learner brings life experiences to learning, incorporating and complementing the cognitive abilities of Piagets adolescent. As the individual matures: his/her self-concept moves from dependency to self-direction he/she accumulates a growing reservoir of experiences that becomes a resource for learning his/her learning readiness becomes increasingly oriented to the tasks of various social roles his/her time perspective changes from one of postponed knowledge application to immediate application his/her orientation to learning shifts from subject-centered to problem-centered (http://honolulu.hawaii.edu/intranet/committees/FacDevCom/guidebk/teachtip/knowles.htm ) Knowles believes that adults should have developed mature understanding of themselves, able to understand their needs, motivations, interests and goals. Individuals should be able to look at themselves objectively and maturely. They should accept themselves and respect themselves for what they are, while striving to become better. Adult learners should develop an attitude of acceptance, love, and respect toward others. This is the attitude on which all human relations depend. They must learn to distinguish between people and ideas, and to challenge ideas without threatening people. Ideally, this attitude will go beyond acceptance, love, and respect, to empathy and the sincere desire to help others. Knowles was convinced that adults learned differently to children and that this provided the basis for a distinctive field of enquiry. His earlier work on informal adult education had highlighted some elements of process and setting (http://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-knowl.htm ). In doing t his Knowles cam to the conclusions about the shape and direction of adult education. According to Knowles andragogy model the key points are: Adults move towards self-direction Adults use experience as a learning resource Adults are ready to learn in accordance with socio developmental tasks Adults devise immediate application of learning (Bye Reich 2003, p182) The two models are very different to one another when compared. Tylers objective model requires no prior knowledge of the content being taught whilst Knowles institutional model requires some prior knowledge from the adult learner. This prior knowledge helps motivates the learning to participate more in the learning process which results to further /advances in knowledge of the topic being taught. The learner is seen as an empty vessel in Tylers model. The individual is more dependent on the teacher in learning new things within the learning environment. This is entirely opposite to Knowles model, as the learner seeks growth in knowledge. Section Two My goal in this section is to apply Tylers model with TAFEs Business Management course. Central to Tylers model is effectively organizing the learning activities. He believes in three criterias that are required in building organized learning experiences. These are continuity, sequence and integration. Business Management mirrors Tylers model by creating active learning experiences in a content area that is otherwise found boring. Having identified a number of learning activities, the teacher challenges students in active learning with writing assignments, group presentations, group quizzes, a written financial project, individual and group participation and a final exam. The process of assessment is critical to Tylers model and begins with the objectives of the educational program. The lecturer will be required to establish the point of the assessment by answering questions such as what is the purpose of this assessment, what do you want it for? With an online syllabus, students can prepare for the various methods of assessment. Mid semester evaluations provide valuable feedback on learning activities. A final evaluation of 2009 present important feedback for course revision. As a result, the following semester group learning activities were increased from 10% to 40% of the course content. Other feedback found that students desire for more review time and that the instructions progressed too quickly. Due to time limitations, the lecturer incorporated additional non-graded assignments as group presentations. By doing this the curriculum and instruction assessment helped better achieve the defined outcomes of improving critical thinking, communication and analytical skills. A final exam also helps evaluate the learning objectives and integration of knowledge. Tyler and TAFEs Business Management have comparable strategies for designing curriculum and instruction. Tyler states, Education is a process of changing the behaviour patterns of people. TAFE uses assessme nts to achieve the defined learning objectives and promotes participation from individuals through interesting activities. They both value the individual learner. Conclusion Education either functions as an instrument which is used to facilitate the integration of generations into the logic of the present system and bring about conformity to it, or it becomes the practice of freedom, the means by which men and women deal critically and creatively with reality and discover how to participate in the transformation of their world (Freire, Pedagogy of the Oppressed, 1970) By using a combination of adult learner techniques and strategies, educators can create training experiences that will enhance the learning of participants. When an individual is put into positive learning experience that follows andragogy process that has been presented above, they are more likely to retain what they have learned and apply it in their work environment.

Our Time Machine :: essays research papers

Our Time Machine H.G. Wells once wrote a novel called The Time Machine, it was published in 1895. This exciting little adventure featured a device that had power over time. Who knew that in 2001 we too would have such a device? One invention that has made it evident that we have reached the twenty first century is named Tivo. With this, one has the ability to pause, fast forward, and essentially tamper with live television. This gadget is, in a sense an actual time machine. We’re living in an age where the word digital seems to come into play with every new invention. Digital technology includes all types of electronic applications that use information in the form of numeric code. This information is usually in something called a binary code—that is, code that can be represented by strings of only two numeric characters. These characters are usually 0 and 1. Devices that process and use digital information include personal computers, calculators, automobiles, traffic light controllers, compact disc players, cellular telephones, communications satellites, and now Tivo. Most of the information we sense is analog in nature—that is, it varies constantly, and an infinite number of values can be assigned to the information. For example, the brightness of a light bulb dimmed gradually from on to off could be considered analog information. This infinite number of brightnesses can be broken up into ranges. If the possible brightnesses are broken into two ranges, then the values 0 and 1 can hold digital information relating to the brightness of the bulb. However, each of the two digits still represents a countless number of analog values. The ranges of brightnesses can be divided again and again, until there are thousands of ranges of values, each of which can be represented by a numerical value. Once analog information has been broken up into digital information, it is impossible to perfectly reverse the process and re-create all of the possible analog signals from the corresponding digital signals. This is why most analog signals are represented by a great number of digital information levels. For example, the sound stored as digital information on a CD is broken down into 65,536 levels. A CD player translates the digital information into analog information so that a speaker can convert it into sound waves. Some devices process digital information using a tiny computer called a microprocessor. It performs calculations on digital information and then makes decisions based on the results.

Qualified nurse during a clinical placement Essay

Decision making essay Decision making is important to nurses in today’s society, ( Thompson et al 2002) as a number of policy and professional imperatives mean that nurses have to worry about the decisions they make and the way in which they make them. The government has produced several policy initiatives (DOH 1989, 1993a, 1993b 1913c,1994, 1995, 1996a, 1996b,1997, 2000, 2000) which have led to the creation of an evidence based health care culture ( Mulhall & Le May 1999). Thompson et al (2002) believe that poor decision making will no longer be acceptable, the government aim to examine professional performances and the outcome of clinical decision making for the first time. Evidence based practice will no longer be an optional extra but a requirement of all health care professionals. The aim of this essay is to analyse and evaluate a decision made by a nurse in a community practice. The author will highlight why she chooses the particular issue and how it is important to nursing. The author will provide an overview of two general approaches to decision making, rational and phenomenological, by evaluating and analyzing them. The author will consider decision making theories, and try to apply them to the decision making process witnessed in her community placement. She then aims to show, how they should or could have been used as an aid in effective decision making. She will also consider influencing factors that effected the decision making process. A pseudonym is used throughout the essay to protect the patient’s identity, as stated in NMC (2002) code of professional conduct section 5. The patient chosen for the purpose of this essay will be referred to as Jo. Jo is 53 year old women who suffer with rheumatoid arthritis. This also resulted in Jo having bilateral hip replacements. Jo is on steroid treatment, which leads to thinning of the skin and susceptibility to trauma (Mallet and Dougherty 2001). Jo lives with her husband and two grown up  sons. Jo was refereed to the district nurse on her discharge from hospital following her second hip replacement. The initial referral was to check the surgical wound. However on arrival it was pointed out by Jo that she had a skin tear on her left shin that wasn’t healing. The district nurse performed an assessment and concluded the wound was a venous leg ulcer as it had been present for 6 weeks. The district nurses used Sorbisan and Telfa to dress the wound. Twice weekly visits were carried out to Joe for a further 4 weeks, and it became obvious that the ulcer was not improving. The district nurse had to make a decis ion on what care to provide. The decision was to try another dressing Aticoat which is impregnated with silver, and not to refer the patient to the leg ulcer clinic at the local hospital. The district nurse involved with Jo’s care was a G grade nurse and in charge of a community practice that had 3 other nurses working in it. The author decided to focus on this particular decision, as she was influenced by the amount of evidence based research available on the issue, and how the district nurse chose to ignore the evidence, and made a decision on the basis of personal knowledge. The author visited a leg ulcer clinic while on her community placement, and asked the expert nurses running the clinical at what stage they would like to see patients referred to them. She was told if a wound wasn’t healing after 4 weeks the patient should be referred, this information was passed on to the district nurse and ignored. The district nurses felt that if he referred all his patients after 4 weeks the leg ulcer clinic at the hospital wouldn’t be able to cope. In doing this he chooses to ignore the expert advice. I found this very frustrating and interesting, and as Scott (2004) said we ought to promote good and not cause harm, in Jo’s case, the action of not referring her to the appropriate expert nurse could be seen as prolonging healing thus causing her harm. I decided to investigate further what issues led to him making his decision. To achieve excellence in care nurses need to base there decision on evidence based care (Parahoo 2002). There is no shortage of research on wound care  and the management of venous leg ulcers. However because research is based mostly on opinions or experience, hence the development of guidelines and protocols that have practical use is difficult (Leaper et al 2004). There are many sources of evidence, Journal; the Cochran Library database relevant to wound care, however there is so much information it would be difficult for nurses to know where to start. Evidence suggest the management of patients with venous leg ulcers is fragmented and poorly managed ( Carrington 1999). Vowden (1997) agrees and suggests healing rates are poor and treatment costs are high, this could be as a result of nurses not referring patients to appropriate experts for assessment and using expensive, inappropriate dressings such as aticoat, which is impregnated with silver. Although there is evidence to suggest that dressing impregnated in silver and sorbisan are highly effective in heavily exudating wound (Leaper et al 2003& BNF (2004) Jo’s ulcer was shallow and not heavily exudating. The evidence for the care of venous leg ulcers strongly points to the uses of 4 layer bandaging. This is demonstrated in Allen and Nelson (1996) work, they found that healing rates improved for patients who  attended a leg ulcer clinic and had 4 layer bandaging applied. This is also backed up by evidence printed by the RCN(`1998), and Research carried out by Nelson (1996), which suggests that between 40 and 80% of leg ulcers heal with the application of compression bandaging. Jo had suffered with her leg ulcer for 10 weeks before a decision was made by the District nurse to change the dressing from Sorbisan to Aticaoat. The use evidence based care, provides the foundation for evidence based practice ( Harding et al 2002), the ulcer healing rate and outcome for Jo could have been improved by a quick referral to the leg ulcer clinic, as this is seen as the most effective way to treat leg ulcers ( Musgrove and Woodham 1995). One of the reasons the district nurse was hesitant about referring Jo to the ulcer clinic, was that he felt compression banging is uncomfortable and requires a strict regime (House 1996), and his experience patients didn’t often comply. However Jo was not offered the choice. Taylor (1996) believes that communication with patients is crucial to compliance, he suggest by educating patients it will enable them to understand the importance of the compression and assist patient to comply to treatment. Patients need to be given the option of whether they are involved in the decision making process. In Jo’s case the district nurse made the decisions, he didn’t explain alternative treatments to Jo, or explain the 4 layer bandaging to her. In the authors opinion the patient was not given an informed choice. There is a professional responsibility to obtain informed consent from patients before a nursing care procedure is carried out (Cable 2003, Averyard 2000, NMC 2002). The ethical issue of informed consent came essentially from the Nuremberg Code (1947)  as a result of human experimentation in world war two. This was aimed specifically at humans involved in medical research, however consent is now applied to nursing clinical procedures (General Medical Council 1988). There is increasing evidence to suggest that well-informed patients manage their health and treatment better, this enables them to feel in control of there illness (Ogden 2001) and have better psychological outcomes (Gibson 2001). Although Gibson (2001) argues that knowledge alone does not change health outcomes for patients, to allow Jo to give informed consent she would need information that was relevant to her condition and treatment. Jo is an intelligent women and giving her a choice of treatment would have protected her autonomy (Edwards 1996) and individual rights (Caress 2003), however Jo was not offered a choice in treatment, and alternatives were not discussed. The district nurse made a decision and applied the treatment. In doing this the district nurse used his power to manipulate Jo into accepting the treatment the he wanted to give. Giving restricted information the nurse restricted the patient’s choices to secure her compliance (Lukes 1974). The district nurses actions went against advocating the government Expert Patient Policy (DOH 2000), which highlights the need for changes in society that mean individuals expect to have choices, and be involved in decision  making (Kenney 2003). Although Jo gave consent for the treatment given, she did not, in the author’s opinion, give informed consent. Decision making can be divided into two groups, decision making from a rationalist perspective and from a phenomenological perspective ( Tanner 1987). Rational  decision making is a step by step approach that follows a logical course, and clearly definable stages (Harbison 1991), taking into account obvious starting points and objectives, assessment tools, policies and protocols. It gives clear predictable outcomes and is process driven. Rational decision making works, on the basis that when a problem arises, the decision maker agrees a definition of the problem and  discovers all the possible solutions, matches the problem with the recourses and chooses a solution that best matches the problem, and then implement solution  ( Harbison 1991).This approach fits in well with the current trend towards research and evidence based care (Harbison 1991). Using the rational approach to decision making, makes assumptions that all decision makers will take into consideration all possible options and consequences, in light of a thorough understanding of a situation. However in practice this approach would be influenced by time constraints, habit and routine, and Harbison (1991) argues that sensitivity could be lost when following a rational approach. Using Phenomenological process in decision making can be seen as a subjective individual approach (Easen et al 1996). This approach takes into account nurses opinions and views, for this reason as discussed by Thompson (1999) it can create bias, as it is based on experienced expert knowledge. Using expert clinical reasoning the nurses draws on a deep understanding of the patient situation and holistic care needs. Intuition is a quality that  nurses have traditionally valued (Trueman 2003), however with the development of evidence based care it is now seen be some to be unreliable, unscientific and unsuitable for nursing practice (Trueman 2003). Intuition has been criticised for not being able to provide a rational for the decision made,  however Benner (1984) believes intuition is understands without a rational. Benner (1984) argues that during a long nursing career, nurses can gain a great deal of knowledge and skill practice, this leads to them being intuitive about the decisions they make. Intuition is not something that is measurable according to Benner (1984), it is developed through experience, expertise and knowledge, along with personal awareness and personality. McCutcheon and Pincombe (2001) also believe that there are benefits derived from intuition in practice, such as enhanced clinical judgment and effective decision making. Although Cioffi (1997) argues that holistic patient assessment and improving nurse-patient relationships are being undermined by a drive for evidence based care. Intuition has been identified as a useful tool as nurses can analysis the situation as a whole rather that a series of tasks (McCutcheon and Pinchcombe 2001). Both the phenomenological and rational decision making theories have a number of strengths and limitations. McKenna (1997) argues that knowledge can only become known by others if it is shared knowledge and communicated to others. McKenna (1997) suggests this causes a problem for the phenomenological model it is almost impossible to communicate something which is intangible, and which the practitioner is unable to express. Using a mixture of both theories can create a holistic and well documented procedure. Lauri and Saklantera (1995) using a factor analytical approach found evidence that both Benners (1984) intuitive model, and the hypothico- deductive approach of information processing, had a degree of analytical usefulness in explains the decision making of nurses. The implications were that both had something to offer and neither is often a single solution to explain decision making in  practice. Using a decision making model such as Carroll and Johnston (1990) would have enabled the district nurse to reflect and evaluate the effectiveness of the care delivered. Carroll and Johnston (1990) outline seven stages of temporal decision making, and acknowledged that these stages may not simply be followed through there sequence, but the nurse can backtrack at any stage. The first two stages of recognition and formulation involves the examination and classification of the situation by the district nurse. During a home visit the community nurse may be confronted with a range of patient problems (Bryans and McIntosh 1996). Some of these are discrete and easily recognised, while others are likely to dependent upon various circumstances in the patients life, which are likely to remain hidden unless they are explored by the nurse (Bryans and McIntosh 1996). In view of the fact that patient and nurses are strangers to each other, Thompson et al (2002) believe this exploration must be skillfully negotiated by the community nurses, if nurses appropriately identify needs, and thus begin the process of addressing these needs and planning suitable care. If this part of the assessment had been undertaken effectively by the district nurse, the patient may not have suffered for a long period with the leg ulcer. Bryans and McIntosh (1996) suggest this phase of decision making is generally less conscious and deliberate, and more difficult to articulate, than subsequent phases. Although Elstein et al (1978) suggest this a very important part of decision making it often gets neglected. Many decision making models start with an assessment phase such as Walsh (1998)  nursing process, which has four stages of decision making, assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation. If the assessment carried out by the District nurse is poor then the rest of the planning and care delivered will be poor. It has been highlighted in many publications Lait & Smith (1998), Lawrence (1998), Thompson (1999) that a holistic assessment is needed in the care of patients with leg ulcers. Holistic assessments help to identify underlying pathology, and ensure correct diagnosis (Moffat & O’Hara 1995). However the way each individual nurse views the wound will depend on there experience and whether they have come across a similar situation before (Thompson et al 2002). Walsh (1998) highlights the need for a goal to measure against in the assessment phase. In Jo’s case the tool used, could have been a wound chart. A wound chart was however was not used, so on subsequent visits the nurse’s used there own judgment on whether the wound had changed. It was however difficult to clearly classify the wound, a point highlighted by Flanagan (1997) who warns wound classification can lead to inconsistencies in care. Different nurses visited each time making it difficult to provide continuity of care. The district nurse had defined the objective, which was to treat the leg ulcer. However the planning phase of Walsh (1998) model was not implemented, the nurse did not consider an alternative as identified as important in Schaefer (1974) theory. The best outcome, in the district nurses view, was considered although not in an evidence based way. Carroll and Johnson (1990) refer to the common sense view of decision making, in  stages 3,4, and 5, alternative generation, information search and judgment or choice. These three stages can be associated with problem solving approaches and with hypothetic deductive models such as Dowie & Elstien (1988). Hypothetic deductive  method could have been used to identified what was going on with the wound e.g. blood test could have been taken to test for clotting factors, a Doppler could have been used to test for circulation. However nurses can’t always wait for a lab test to give a hypothesis so the district nurse then drew on his experience. However using reflection in action (Schon 1983) and taking into consideration of the added problem of Jo being on steroids, he could have put these things into action to help create an evidence based care plan. Carroll and Johnston (1990) usefully includes decision making and subsequent (stages 6, 7) action and feedback. The inclusion of action and feedback in models of decision making has particle relevance to Jo’s community nursing assessment, because her assessment was continuous in nature ( Cowley et al (1994). If the district nurses had utilized the information properly the outcome for Jo may have been more successful. The best outcome for the patient depends on the patient’s response to treatment the nurse’s intervention and appropriate use of information gained from the evaluation (Luker and Kenrick 1992). District nurses need to be flexible in providing care in patients own homes, because of the sheer diversity of home environments and lifestyles of there patients. Luker & Kenrick (1992) believe that community nurses have there own personally owned knowledge that they find difficult to describe. Benner (1984) would describe this as intuition. However many influencing factors are involved with the nurses decision making, the district nurse that treated Jo had 20 years experience, but in the authors opinion had not used reflective and evidence based practice. The use of reflection enables nurses to learn from there experience and build up an expert knowledge base. However if you don’t learn from your mistakes it doesn’t make you an expert. 02971588 11 Experience doesn’t always equal expertise. If you are a ineffective nurse to start with you may always be a ineffective nurse. The district nurse involved with Jo’s case didn’t seem to reflect upon his actions and learn from practice but just performed a task. As long as the patient was being visited twice a week it didn’t seem to matter how long the wound took to heal, as Thompson et al (2002) suggest 20 years experience may be no more than one years experience repeated 20 times. According to Walsh and ford (1990) there is a need for assertiveness and this  was sadly lacking. Walsh & Ford (1990) argues the lack in assertiveness may be generated from being a mainly female profession, and Corbetta (2003) suggests women that work tend to be judged as inferior. However the district nurse involved in this decision making essay was a man, so I would question whether social conditioning had rubbed of on him. The district nurse seemed to resist altering his practice as directed by the ulcer clinic, it was almost as if he had ownership of the patient’s problem and care, and he saw it as a failure if he had to refer the patient on to a specialist service. It is the resistance to change practice that is cited by several authors (Gould 1986, O’Conner 1993, Koh 1993) as major influence inhibiting the introduction of research into practice. However Parahoo (2002) suggests to change the way nurses work, using evidence based practice, nurses need to think about what they do, how they relate to the people they care for and generally stimulate a more reflecting and questioning attitude. Reading research articles can generate a reflective approach (Parahoo 2002) although the author is aware that changing practices based on one research article is unsafe. Nurse managers have an important role in coordinated efforts, aimed at providing effective evidence based care. Although not all nurses are inclined towards academic work (Jootun 2003), the district nurse was the manager so without him being aware and appreciative of nursing research his team of community nurses provided an inadequate service. However as Sleep (1992) states it is unfair and unrealistic for educational programmes to place upon practitioners the burden of introducing research into the workplace, unless the climate prevailing in both service and management spheres is receptive to change. The organisation needs to facilitate changes in nursing to allow the professional as a whole to practice evidence based care (Parahoo 2002). The district nurse worked in a small isolated practice and his priority seemed to be the setting up of new PCT policies. Patients with leg ulcers were almost in the way. If the district nurse had a positive attitude towards research and regularly read research articles on wound care, which as Gould (2001) suggest are available in digestible form, the  care provided would have been evidence based effective care. Recommendations Joint education and clinical career pathways are needed to close the theory practice gap. Many nurses working in small practices are not getting the education they need to prove the government with a highly effective and trained workforce. Many organizations within the NHS are busy and overworked. The time is not available for them to update their knowledge and training. To help nurses who work in isolated community practices the setting up of groups or research meetings could enable them to keep up to date with relevant research, and would enable the effective utilisation of research findings. Nurses can also be encouraged to use expert nurses that are available at many hospitals and PCT. The use of computer networks and interactive software and research newsletters could also aid in the implementation of research practice. Evaluation Carroll & Johnston (1990) provide a framework for decision making, the author feels if the district nurse had used such a framework the care delivered to Jo could have been more effective and evidence based. The District Nurse didn’t evaluate or reflect on the care he delivered. Using decision making model such as Carroll and Johnston (1990) and Walsh (1998) nursing process, the nurse could have delivered evidence based reflective care. Models such as these are used as a guideline to nursing procedures, if they are followed it ensures that patients get best care and that nurses don’t become complacent in the care they deliver, but use a systematic approach alongside there  experiences and expertise Conclusion Intuition has been identified as a useful tool that needs to be recognised within nursing, however a need for a ration approach along side it is necessary. This will enable nurses to provide evidence based care with clear rationales. There are many aspects of nursing that cannot be subjected to measurement, and intuition is one of them, and so is caring. To ignore intuition as a nursing skill would be to deny the patient of truly holistic care. 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